Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set, Volume 1-4: A Treatise in Population

This four-volume collection of over 140 original chapters covers virtually everything of interest to demographers, sociologists, and others. Over 100 authors present population subjects in ways that provoke thinking and lead to the creation of new perspectives, not just facts and equations to be memorized. The articles follow a theory-methods-applications approach and so offer a kind of "one-stop shop" that is well suited for students and professors who need non-technical summaries, such as political scientists, public affairs specialists, and others. Unlike shorter handbooks, Demography: Analysis and Synthesis offers a long overdue, thorough treatment of the field.Choosing the analytical method that fits the data and the situation requires insights that the authors and editors of Demography: Analysis and Synthesis have explored and developed. This extended examination of demographic tools not only seeks to explain the analytical tools themselves, but also the relationships between general population dynamics and their natural, economic, social, political, and cultural environments. Limiting themselves to human populations only, the authors and editors cover subjects that range from the core building blocks of population change--fertility, mortality, and migration--to the consequences of demographic changes in the biological and health fields, population theories and doctrines, observation systems, and the teaching of demography. The international perspectives brought to these subjects is vital for those who want an unbiased, rounded overview of these complex, multifaceted subjects. Topics to be covered:* Population Dynamics and the Relationship Between Population Growth and Structure* The Determinants of Fertility* The Determinants of Mortality* The Determinants of Migration* Historical and Geographical Determinants of Population* The Effects of Population on Health, Economics, Culture, and the Environment* Population Policies* Data Collection Methods and Teaching about Population Studies * All chapters share a common format* Each chapter features several cross-references to other chapters * Tables, charts, and other non-text features are widespread* Each chapter contains at least 30 bibliographic citations front cover......Page 1 Copyright Volume I......Page 5 Contents Volume I......Page 8 Contributors Volume I......Page 22 SECTION I POPULATION DYNAMICS Introduction to Volume I......Page 38 Volume I......Page 2 Contents of Volumes II, III and IV......Page 16 General Introduction......Page 26 PART I POPULATION GROWTH......Page 40 I. Number and Composition......Page 42 II. Size, Composition, and Dynamics: State and Change......Page 43 I. Exogenous Replacement: Entries and Exits by Migration......Page 46 II. Endogenous Replacement: Births, Deaths......Page 49 I. Total Population Increase......Page 52 II. Natural and Migratory Increase......Page 55 CHAPTER 4 Population Dynamics: Movement and Structure......Page 60 I. The Age-Sex Structure......Page 61 II. Crude Rates and Age-Specific Rates......Page 74 III. The Relationship between Age-specific Rates, Age Structure, and Population Growth......Page 80 PART II THE LONGITUDINAL APPROACH Description of Demographic Processes in a Birth Cohort......Page 86 CHAPTER 5 Variation Through Time of Age-Specific Rates......Page 88 I. Time, Age, Cohort......Page 92 II. The Lexis Diagram......Page 94 III. Elements for Computing a Rate, According to the Classification Mode of Events......Page 98 I. Attempts at Three-Dimensional Representation......Page 106 II. Contour Lines......Page 108 I. Types of Events and Population States......Page 116 II. Repeatable Events: Rates and Frequencies......Page 118 III. Nonrepeatable Events, Probabilities, and Occurrence/Exposure Rates......Page 119 IV. Single and Multiple Decrement......Page 123 V. The Force of Attrition......Page 124 I. The Condition of Independence......Page 126 II. The Condition of Continuity......Page 128 I. Individual and Cohort Data......Page 130 II. The Longitudinal Approach: Descriptive Measures......Page 133 I. Calculating a Cohort’s Probabilities of Dying......Page 140 II. Construction and Main Functions of the Table......Page 149 III. From the Discrete to the Continuous: Entering the Table Via the Force of Mortality......Page 154 IV. The Oldest-Ages Problem and Table Closure......Page 156 V. The Special Case of Infant Mortality......Page 162 I. Analyzing Cohort Fertility from Retrospective Data......Page 168 II. Cohort Fertility from Vital Registration Data......Page 176 III. Fertility by Marriage Cohorts......Page 179 IV. Fertility by Parity Cohorts......Page 180 V. Fertility by Age, Marriage Duration, and Birth Interval......Page 182 CHAPTER 13 Cohort Approach to External Migration Flows......Page 186 I. The Data Constraint......Page 187 II. Age-Specific Inflow and Outflow Rate......Page 188 III. Estimating Net Migration: A Robust Approach Despite Its Limits......Page 190 PART III PERIOD ANALYSIS REVISITED The Hypothetical Cohort and its Relations with Actual Birth Cohorts......Page 198 I. The Period Life Table......Page 200 II. Hypothetical Intensity and Tempo of Fertility......Page 208 III. External Migrations......Page 223 I. Confounding Variables......Page 234 II. Interaction Between Causes......Page 236 III. Standardization and the Problem of Summary Indices......Page 237 I. How Differences in Age-Specific Mortality Affect a Difference in Life Expectancy......Page 246 II. Tempo Effect and Intensity Effect on the Difference Between Two TFRs......Page 249 I. The Need for Both Cohort and Period Analysis......Page 252 II. Early Expressions by Ryder for the Case of Age-Specific Fertility......Page 253 III. Expressions for Nonrepeatable Events......Page 255 IV. The Bongaarts/Feeney Method for Tempo Adjustment of Period Fertility......Page 256 V. Numerical Illustrations......Page 257 CHAPTER 18 Age-Period-Cohort Models in Demography......Page 264 I. Theoretical Motivation......Page 265 II. Age-Period-Cohort Models......Page 266 PART IV A TENTATIVE SYNTHESIS OF THE COMPONENTS OF DYNAMICS From Reproduction to Population Models......Page 274 I. Female Reproduction......Page 276 II. Male Reproduction and the Sex-Reconciliation Issue......Page 282 I. Lotka’s Theory......Page 286 II. Moving Towards a Stable State Via the Projection Matrix......Page 289 III. A Special Case: The Stationary Population......Page 291 IV. Some Applications of the Stable Population Model......Page 292 V. The Problem of the Two Sexes......Page 296 VI. From Semistable and Quasi-Stable Populations to Generalized Stable Equations......Page 298 PART V FROM HOMOGENEITY TO HETEROGENEITY New Ways Forward for Demographic Analysis......Page 306 II. Compositional Change......Page 308 IV. Frailty Models......Page 309 VI. Methods of Parameter Estimation......Page 313 I. Concepts of Mobility......Page 316 III. Migratory Moves, Registers, and Surveys......Page 318 IV. Mobility Over Time......Page 320 V. Mobility, Space, and Spatial Models......Page 324 VI. Multistate Models......Page 326 I. From Longitudinal Analysis to Event History Analysis......Page 330 II. Statistical Formalization......Page 332 III. Applications of These Methods in Various Research Fields......Page 334 IV. Future Developments......Page 336 I. Individual and Aggregate Measures: Contextual Analysis......Page 340 II. Introducing Group Effects: Multilevel Models......Page 342 III. Generalization of the Analysis......Page 348 SECTION II DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY Introduction......Page 350 PART I A PRECONDITION OF FERTILITY Union Formation......Page 352 CHAPTER 25 Analysis of Couple Formation and Dissolution......Page 354 I. Principles of Cohort Analysis......Page 355 II. The Nuptiality Table......Page 356 III. Proxy Measures of the Nuptiality Table......Page 357 IV. Period Measures......Page 358 V. Divorce Table......Page 360 VI. Widowhood Table......Page 361 VIII. Unions and Marriage......Page 362 IX. Nuptiality and Fertility......Page 364 X. Male and Female Nuptiality......Page 367 I. Complexity of Marital Statuses: From Consensual Unions to Polygamy......Page 376 II. Nuptiality Analysis and Event-History Analysis......Page 379 III. First Marriage, Divorce, and Polygamy in Dakar......Page 384 I. Nuptiality in Africa: Diversity and Change......Page 392 II. Does Polygamy Still Matter?......Page 396 I. Nuptiality, Alliance, and Reproduction......Page 410 II. Age of Access to Sex and Age at Marriage......Page 415 III. Couple Formation and the Choice of Partner: From Social Control to Personal Decision......Page 421 IV. Life and Death of Unions......Page 425 CHAPTER 29 Marital and Nonmarital Fertility......Page 434 I. The Ancien Regime......Page 435 II. Demographic Transition......Page 436 III. Foundations of Marital-Fertility Analysis......Page 437 IV. Posttransition Societies......Page 439 V. New Family Structures and the Measurement of Fertility: The Problem of Heterogeneity......Page 440 VII. Fertility Outside Marriage and Adolescent Female Fertility......Page 444 PART II BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS OF FERTILITY AT THE LEVEL OF INDIVIDUALS AND COUPLES......Page 448 I. Fertility and Fecundity: The Vocabulary......Page 450 II. From One Birth to the Next: The Components of Birth Intervals......Page 454 IV. Fecundability......Page 455 V. Duration of Pregnancy......Page 457 VI. The Postpartum Nonsusceptible Period......Page 458 I. Ages at Menarche and at Menopause......Page 460 II. Fecundability......Page 461 IV. Breastfeeding......Page 462 V. Contraception......Page 465 CHAPTER 32 Fetal Mortality......Page 472 I. Fetal Mortality Levels......Page 473 II. Influence of Data Collection Methods......Page 475 III. Intrauterine Mortality Rates by Gestation Duration......Page 476 IV. The Determinants of Fetal Mortality......Page 478 V. Health-Care Provision and Fetal Mortality......Page 483 VI. Induced Abortion and Fetal Death......Page 487 I. From Infertility to Sterility......Page 494 II. Sterility and Age......Page 495 III. The Causes of Sterility......Page 497 IV. Measuring Treatment Effectiveness......Page 498 VI. Estimating the Demand for Treatment......Page 499 VII. The Demand for Treatment: Stocks and Flows......Page 501 I. The “Intermediate Variables”......Page 504 II. Results: Levels of Fertility......Page 511 I. Abortion During the Demographic Transition......Page 516 I. Demography’s Difficult Inclusion of Sexuality......Page 528 II. Demographic Observation of Sexuality: Concepts, Indicators, Limitations......Page 530 III. Sexuality and the Transformation of Conjugal Trajectories......Page 532 IV. Gender Relations and Sexuality......Page 533 V. Cross-Cultural Comparison of Sexual Behavior: The Contribution of Demography......Page 535 PART III SOCIOECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FACTORS OF FERTILITY......Page 540 I. Supply and Demand: A Framework of Factors Influencing Fertility......Page 542 II. Economic Explanations of Fertility Behavior......Page 545 III. A Sociological View......Page 549 IV. Questions About Fertility and Society......Page 551 CHAPTER 38 The Geography of Fertility: Maps, Narratives and Demographic Innovation......Page 566 I. A Narrative of the Historical French Fertility Decline......Page 567 II. The Narrative of Belgian Demographic Innovation......Page 575 III. Other Narratives: An Invitation for New Research......Page 580 IV. Narratives and Theories of Demographic Innovation......Page 581 CHAPTER 39 Fertility: Theories, Frameworks, Models, Concepts......Page 586 I. The Structure and Development of Fertility Theory......Page 587 index......Page 608 Volume II......Page 693 Copyright Volume II......Page 696 Contents Volume II......Page 697 Contents of Volumes I, III and IV......Page 703 Contributors Volume II......Page 709 SECTION I DETERMINANTS OF MORTALITY Introduction......Page 713 PART I HEALTH, MORBIDITY AND CAUSES OF DEATH......Page 715 I. Health......Page 717 II. Sickness......Page 719 III. Death......Page 722 CHAPTER 41 Measuring the State of Health......Page 725 I. How to Measure Health Status......Page 726 II. The Medical Model: Measuring Morbidity......Page 727 III. The Functional Model: The Measure of Disability......Page 730 IV. The Subjective Model: Perceived Health and Quality of Life......Page 735 I. Collecting, Classifying, and Coding......Page 741 II. Analytical Instruments......Page 748 I. Background......Page 757 II. The Verbal Autopsy Method......Page 758 III. Uses of the Verbal Autopsy......Page 760 IV. Problems and Limitations of the Verbal Autopsy......Page 761 V. Other Techniques......Page 764 II. Independence or Dependence Among Causes of Death......Page 769 I. Definitions......Page 773 II. Measures of Maternal Mortality......Page 775 III. Means of Estimating Maternal Mortality......Page 776 IV. Levels of Maternal Mortality......Page 778 I. Determinants of Which Infant Mortality?......Page 783 II. A Complex Phenomenon to be Analyzed at Different Levels......Page 785 III. Causes, Determinants, and Differential Risk......Page 787 IV. From Mortality to Health: A Question Of Weight, Height, and Gestational Age......Page 789 II. Monitoring Morbidity......Page 793 III. Morbidity Processes and Causes of Death......Page 794 IV. Relationships that Link Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality in a Cohort......Page 796 PART II ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS MORTALITY......Page 805 CHAPTER 48 From Endogenous Mortality to the Maximum Human Life Span......Page 807 I. Gompertz’s Law: A Measurement for Biological Aging......Page 808 II. Jean Bourgeois-Pichat: Search for the “Hard Rock”......Page 809 III. Is There a Limit?......Page 814 IV. Does Gompertz’s Law Apply to the Oldest Ages?......Page 822 I. Methods and Problems in Human Genetics......Page 829 II. Genetic Diseases......Page 830 III. Theories on Aging and the Lifespan......Page 834 IV. Sex......Page 835 V. Biometric Models......Page 836 VI. Perspectives......Page 837 CHAPTER 50 The Environmental Factors of Mortality......Page 841 I. Physical Factors......Page 842 II. Chemical Factors......Page 845 III. Infectious Diseases Linked to the Environment......Page 850 I. Behavior that Influences Health and Mortality......Page 855 II. Sociocultural Factors and Attitudes Regarding the Body and Health......Page 863 CHAPTER 52 The Medical Response: Medical Technologies and Public Expectations......Page 883 I. Medical Technology’s Contribution to Mortality Decline......Page 884 III. Bridging Natural Science and Anthropology......Page 885 PART III THE INTRICACY OF DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY FACTORS......Page 887 I. A Plausible Natural Advantage......Page 889 II. Advantage that is Reduced or Inversed by an Unfavorable Social Status......Page 892 III. From Regaining the Original Advantage to Obtaining a New Privilege......Page 894 IV. From the Negative Effects of Male Behavior to the Positive Effects of Female Behavior......Page 897 V. When Geography Contradicts History but Confirms the Previous Hypothesis......Page 901 I. National Studies on Social Mortality Differences and Methods Used......Page 907 II. Mortality Differences by Age......Page 911 IV. Why are the Social Differences in Mortality Less Among Women than Among Men?......Page 912 V. Explanations of Social Inequalities in Mortality......Page 913 VI. International Comparisons......Page 914 VII. Trends in Social Mortality Differences......Page 915 I. A Great Diversity of Situations......Page 919 II. Components of Geographic Inequality in Matters of Mortality......Page 928 III. Permanence and Change......Page 932 IV. The Factors Behind Geographic Inequalities......Page 938 PART IV THEORIES AND FRAMEWORKS OF MORTALITY......Page 947 CHAPTER 56 Theories and Frameworks for the Study of Child Mortality......Page 949 I. From Hypotheses to Theories......Page 950 II. Frameworks for Child Mortality......Page 951 CHAPTER 57 The Health Transition: Trends and Prospects......Page 959 I. From the Epidemiologic Transition to the Cardiovascular Revolution......Page 960 II. The Health Transition and Future Prospects......Page 967 SECTION II THE DETERMINANTS OF MIGRATION Introduction......Page 973 PART I MAJOR MIGRATION STREAMS AND THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION......Page 977 CHAPTER 58 International Migration in the 20th Century: The Case of the Western Countries......Page 979 I. The Great Migration at the Turn of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries......Page 981 II. The New Migrants: Between Regulation and Prohibition......Page 983 III. Forced Migrations from the End of the First World War to the 1950s......Page 985 IV. The Globalization Process and International Migration......Page 987 V. The Acceleration of Migratory Movements in Europe and North America......Page 989 VI. Immigrants in European Countries at the End of the Twentieth Century......Page 990 VII. Recent Immigration to Canada and the United States......Page 998 VIII. Integration: The End of the Journey......Page 1001 I. The Economic Approach......Page 1005 III. The Mobility Transition......Page 1010 IV. The Contribution of Political Science......Page 1012 V. The Systems Approach......Page 1013 VI. Comparison of Existing Theories of Migration......Page 1014 PART II THE PRINCIPAL FACTORS OF MIGRATION......Page 1019 I. Migration as an Equilibrium Process......Page 1021 II. In Search of a General Theoretical Framework......Page 1024 III. Methodological Implications......Page 1028 I. Cities and Urbanization......Page 1031 II. Defining the Limits of Urban Entities......Page 1033 III. The Urban Transition......Page 1035 IV. The Dynamics of Settlement Systems......Page 1037 V. Migrations and Urbanization......Page 1040 I. The Roots......Page 1045 II. The International System for Managing Refugee Migration......Page 1046 III. Growth in the Number of Refugees in the World......Page 1047 IV. Data Quality......Page 1048 VI. The Destination of the Flow of Refugees......Page 1049 VII. Asylum Seekers......Page 1050 VIII. Asylum Policy......Page 1051 X. Informal Asylum......Page 1053 XI. Trends......Page 1054 CHAPTER 63 Individual and Social Motivations for Migration......Page 1057 I. The Complexity of Migration Behavior......Page 1058 II. Toward a Broader Understanding of Migration Behavior......Page 1065 PART III SPECIFIC APPROACHES TO TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION......Page 1071 I. Spatial Interactions and Level of Analysis......Page 1073 II. Macro Approaches......Page 1074 III. Micro Approaches......Page 1080 IV. The Challenges Facing a Unified Approach......Page 1081 I. Census Data......Page 1085 II. Survey Data......Page 1087 III. Population Registers......Page 1090 Index Volume II......Page 1093 Volume III......Page 1178 Copyright Volume III......Page 1181 Contents Volume III......Page 1182 Contents of Volumes I, II and IV......Page 1190 Contributors Volume III......Page 1196 SECTION I POPULATION IN TIME AND SPACE: HISTORY OF POPULATION AND POPULATION FORECASTS Introduction to Volume III......Page 1200 PART I THE HISTORY OF THE HUMAN POPULATION......Page 1202 I. The First Human Populations......Page 1204 II. The Prehistoric Population and Methods of Measurement......Page 1205 III. Estimates of Prehistoric Populations......Page 1208 IV. From Antiquity to Modern Times......Page 1211 I. The Status of Migration in Demography......Page 1218 II. Types of Migration Ancient and Modern......Page 1220 III. The Initial Colonizations of the World: Out of Africa......Page 1222 IV. Population Growth Rates, Colonization, and the “Wave of Advance”......Page 1224 V. Prehistoric Migration of People or Migration of Cultures?......Page 1225 VI. The Effect of Migration On Demographic Regimes......Page 1226 VII. Migration, Warfare, and Organized States......Page 1227 VIII. The Demographic Consequences of the “Migration Period”......Page 1232 IX. European Expansion and its Consequences......Page 1234 X. The Rise of “Modern” Forms of Migration......Page 1235 CHAPTER 68 Europe’s Demographic Transition, 1740–1940......Page 1240 I. An Unprecedented Mortality Decline......Page 1242 II. A Steep Fall in Fertility......Page 1248 III. Structural Consequences: Population Aging and Migrations......Page 1258 IV. Birth of a Theory......Page 1263 CHAPTER 69 From the Globalization of the Transition to the Return of Uncertainty (1940–2000)......Page 1266 I. The Third World Population Explosion and the Generalization of the Demographic Transition......Page 1267 II. Increasing Uncertainty and the Death of the Transition Paradigm......Page 1288 PART II THE GEOGRAPHY OF POPULATION, DIVERSITY OF DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS......Page 1298 CHAPTER 70 Distribution of the World Population......Page 1300 I. Different Aspects of Settlement......Page 1301 II. Analytical Tools......Page 1302 III. The Settlement Envelope......Page 1304 IV. The Frontiers of the Oikoumene......Page 1307 V. Inhabited Spaces......Page 1309 VI. History of Spatial Distribution......Page 1311 VII. Toward an Interpretation......Page 1316 I. Sources, Indicators, and Geographic Divisions......Page 1322 II. The Transition Patterns from 1950–2010......Page 1323 III. Fertility: Decline Is Widespread, Though at Unequal Paces......Page 1327 IV. Mortality: Improvements but Growing Inequalities......Page 1330 V. From National Averages to Social or Regional Inequalities in the Countries of the South......Page 1334 VI. Age Structures and Demographic Aging......Page 1336 VII. AIDS and its Demographic Consequences......Page 1338 PART III THE FUTURE OF POPULATIONS: DEMOGRAPHIC ISSUES AND PROJECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE......Page 1346 CHAPTER 72 Demographic Projections: History of Methods and Current Methodology......Page 1348 II. Population Projection as Forecasting: The Component Method......Page 1349 IV. Contemporary Methods......Page 1352 I. Derived Forecasts......Page 1360 II. The Flow Method......Page 1362 I. Approaches and Methods of Forecasting Fertility......Page 1366 II. Foreseeability of Fertility and Critical Analysis of the Methods......Page 1369 III. Prospective......Page 1371 I. From Simple to More Complex Models......Page 1376 II. Target Forecasts......Page 1379 III. Different Methods Compared......Page 1380 IV. Hypotheses for Medium and Long-Term Forecasts......Page 1382 CHAPTER 76 Hypotheses for Migration Projections......Page 1388 I. Internal Migration Forecasts......Page 1389 II. International Migration Forecasts......Page 1391 CHAPTER 77 The United Nations’ World Population Projections......Page 1396 I. Between 8 and 11 Billion in 2050?......Page 1397 II. Data Improvement, Technique Refinement, and Evolution of the Hypotheses......Page 1409 III. Do Alternative Approaches Exist?......Page 1415 IV. From Medium to Long Term......Page 1418 V. Projections by Age and Sex and Derived Projections......Page 1423 CHAPTER 78 The Future of Mankind: Looking Ahead After the Transition......Page 1434 I. The Baseline: World Population in 2050......Page 1435 II. From Generation Replacement to the One Child World......Page 1436 III. Life Expectancy: 85 or 150 Years?......Page 1441 IV. The Effects of a Radical Change in Sex Ratio at Birth......Page 1446 SECTION II POPULATION AND SOCIETY Introduction......Page 1458 PART I CONSEQUENCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE......Page 1460 I. Demographic and Population Genetic Interrelations in General......Page 1462 II. The Effects of the Modern Demographic Transition on Genetic Diversity......Page 1469 I. Expansion or Compression of Morbidity?......Page 1484 II. Defining and Calculating Health State Expectancies......Page 1486 III. Trends and Differentials in Health State Expectancies......Page 1491 IV. What Conditions Cconstitute the Years Lived in Bad Health or with Disability?......Page 1496 CHAPTER 81 Demographic Trends and Relationships between Generations......Page 1504 I. Seeing the Generations......Page 1505 II. The Coexistence of Generations in the Family......Page 1506 III. Family Inheritance and Relationships between Generations......Page 1513 IV. Transfers Within the Population......Page 1519 V. Social, Professional, and Psychological Distance between Generations......Page 1522 VI. A New Social Contract between Generations......Page 1523 CHAPTER 82 Economic, Social, and Cultural Consequences of the Aging of the Population......Page 1526 I. Demographic Context of Aging Societies......Page 1527 II. Some Economic Consequences of Demographic Aging......Page 1529 III. Some Social Consequences of Demographic Aging......Page 1531 IV. Some Cultural Consequences of Demographic Aging......Page 1533 CHAPTER 83 The Economic Consequences of Migration......Page 1536 I. Is Migration Selective?......Page 1537 II. Does Migration Influence Salaries and Employment?......Page 1539 III. Migration and Growth......Page 1544 CHAPTER 84 Immigration and Integration in the Developed Countries: A Conceptual Framework......Page 1548 I. Defining and Measuring Integration......Page 1549 II. Conceptual Framework for Studying the Factors of Integration......Page 1550 III. Influence of the World Context......Page 1551 IV. Contextual Factors in the Countries of Origin and Destination......Page 1552 V. Micro-individual Factors......Page 1553 I. Popular Wisdom and Scientific Uncertainty......Page 1560 II. Some Definitions......Page 1562 III. Empirical Study......Page 1563 IV. The Growth Theory Perspective......Page 1564 V. Demographic Structure and Productivity......Page 1567 VI. Back to Sociology......Page 1568 CHAPTER 86 Population and Development......Page 1572 I. The Global Analyses of the Period 1950–1960......Page 1573 II. Disaggregate Analyses and Structural Studies......Page 1574 III. Micro Analyses......Page 1576 IV. The Internationalization of Relations between Population and Development......Page 1578 CHAPTER 87 The Relationships between Population and Environment......Page 1582 I. A Review of the Works on Population and Environment......Page 1584 II. Why Are Demographers so Little Interested in Environmental Questions?......Page 1587 PART II THE POPULATION IN ITS BIOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL SETTING......Page 1596 CHAPTER 88 From the Life Cycle to Life Paths and to Life Transitions......Page 1598 I. Demographic Regime and Structural Evolution of the Ages of Life......Page 1599 II. Consequences of Changes of the Life Paths and Policy Implications......Page 1606 III. Observation and Analysis of the Life Paths (Towards an Integrated Approach)......Page 1607 IV. Dynamic Information on Biographical States and Life Transitions......Page 1611 V. Relationships between Trajectories and Dependent Variables, Multi-state Transition Tables and Hazard Models......Page 1613 CHAPTER 89 Experiencing Death: A Demographic Approach......Page 1618 I. The Dying: Age and Sex, Cause and Place......Page 1619 II. Death as Experienced by the Dying Person’s Family......Page 1623 I. Household and Family Demography......Page 1634 II. Households and Families in Developing Countries: State of the Art......Page 1640 CHAPTER 91 Households and Families: Developed Countries......Page 1656 I. Definitions and Concepts......Page 1657 II. Measurement of Family and Household Developments......Page 1661 III. Data Sources......Page 1664 IV. Main Trends in Family and Household Developments in Western Europe After World War II......Page 1667 I. Growth of Social-Mobility Studies: Quality of Historical Research......Page 1676 III. France-England: The Dual Origin of the Social-mobility Table......Page 1677 IV. Benini’s Two Indices......Page 1678 VI. Social Mobility and Differential Fertility......Page 1679 VIII. 1953: INSEE Takes Up the Baton and Keeps It......Page 1681 IX. Bourdieu’s Critique and Boudon’s Work......Page 1682 X. Sociology/Demography: Ideological or Institutional Divide?......Page 1683 XI. The “Constant Flow”: Goldthorpe......Page 1685 XII. A Possible Convergence: Differential Mobility and Differential Diffusion......Page 1686 I. Some Definitions......Page 1694 II. From Women’s Studies to Gender Studies in Demography......Page 1695 III. Gender and Family......Page 1696 IV. Gender, Fertility, and Contraception......Page 1697 V. Gender, Health, and Mortality......Page 1698 VI. Gender and Migration......Page 1700 VIII. Data and Methods for the Study of the Gender-Demographic Behavior Relationship......Page 1701 CHAPTER 94 Economic Activity and Demographic Behaviors......Page 1712 I. Importance of Economic Activity in the Study of Demographic Behaviors......Page 1713 II. The Labor Force: Principal Sources of Data and Some Analytical Instruments......Page 1718 III. Economic Activity and Geographic Mobility......Page 1722 CHAPTER 95 Demography and Ethnicity: An Ambiguous Relationship......Page 1730 I. Why Demographers are Interested in Ethnicity......Page 1731 II. Official Categories and their Political Utilization: A Great Diversity......Page 1732 III. Statistics of Origins: United States, Canada, and Great Britain......Page 1735 IV. The Very Difficult Use of Ethnic Data or the Bias of Ethnic Statistics......Page 1740 I. The Structure of a Population’s Gene Pool......Page 1750 II. Models of Population Genetics......Page 1751 III. Mechanisms of Variation of Genetic Structure......Page 1752 IV. Analyses and Applications......Page 1755 V. Biodemographic Research......Page 1759 VI. The Analysis of Surnames......Page 1760 Index Volume III......Page 1772 Volume IV......Page 1857 Copyright Volume IV......Page 1860 Contents Volume IV......Page 1861 Contents of Volumes I, II and III......Page 1871 Contributors Volume IV......Page 1877 SECTION I HISTORY OF POPULATION THOUGHT AND POLICIES Introduction to Volume IV......Page 1881 PART I HISTORY OF POPULATION THOUGHT AND SHORT INTRODUCTION TO POPULATION POLICIES......Page 1883 CHAPTER 97 History of Population Thought......Page 1885 I. Some of the Earliest Known Population Theories......Page 1886 II. The Demographic Dictates of Some Major Religions......Page 1890 III. The Middle Ages and the Renaissance......Page 1891 IV. Mercantilists and Physiocrats......Page 1892 VI. Thomas Robert Malthus......Page 1895 VII. The 19th Century—Pro or Anti Malthus......Page 1898 IX. Optimum Population......Page 1901 X. Demographic Transition......Page 1902 XI. Major Contemporary Debates......Page 1903 CHAPTER 98 History of Ideas in Population since 1940......Page 1907 I. Landmarks of Population Thought since 1940: An Overview and a Literature Guide......Page 1908 II. The Global Population Problem......Page 1913 III. The Problem of Below-Replacement Fertility......Page 1915 CHAPTER 99 Ethics and Demography: or Macrodemus Macrodemus and Microdemus in the Country of Ethicists......Page 1919 I. First Exploration of the Ethicists’ Island......Page 1920 III. When Macrodemus Fancied that Demography Could Make a Mockery of Ethics......Page 1924 IV. When Macrodemus Imagined that Demography was Already Ethics in Itself......Page 1926 V. Universal, Impartial, and Neutral?......Page 1928 VI. The Limits of the Ethical Content of Macrodemography: The Ethicists’ Response......Page 1930 VII. Dialogue between Macrodemus and Microdemus on Changes in Demographic Survey Methods......Page 1934 VIII. Research Ethics: An Epidemiological Model Ill-suited to Demography......Page 1938 IX. Strengths and Weaknesses of Ethics Codes......Page 1943 CHAPTER 100 History of Population Policies up to 1940......Page 1951 I. Origins: From the Ancient World to Malthus and Marx......Page 1952 II. From the 19th to the 20th Century......Page 1954 CHAPTER 101 An Introduction to Population Policies......Page 1963 I. Definitions, Objectives, and Components of Population Policies......Page 1964 II. The Relationship between Population Policies and Population Theories......Page 1965 III. The Role of International Organizations and Aid in Promoting Population Policies......Page 1968 PART II FROM FERTILITY CONTROL TO FERTILITY SUPPORT......Page 1973 CHAPTER 102 Fertility Control in Third World Countries......Page 1975 I. Since 1950 Fertility Has Decreased by Half in Third World Countries......Page 1976 II. The Elaboration of Fertility Control Policies......Page 1978 III. Policies for Fertility Control. Which Methods?......Page 1984 IV. Forty Years of Progress in Contraception......Page 1991 I. Singapore......Page 2009 II. South Korea......Page 2012 III. Other Low Fertility Countries.... This four-volume collection of over 140 original chapters covers virtually everything of interest to demographers, sociologists, and others. Over 100 authors present population subjects in ways that provoke thinking and lead to the creation of new perspectives, not just facts and equations to be memorized. The articles follow a theory-methods-applications approach and so offer a kind of one-stop shop that is well suited for students and professors who need non-technical summaries, such as political scientists, public affairs specialists, and others. Unlike shorter handbooks, Demography: Analysis and Synthesis offers a long overdue, thorough treatment of the field.

Choosing the analytical method that fits the data and the situation requires insights that the authors and editors of Demography: Analysis and Synthesis have explored and developed. This extended examination of demographic tools not only seeks to explain the analytical tools themselves, but also the relationships between general population dynamics and their natural, economic, social, political, and cultural environments. Limiting themselves to human populations only, the authors and editors cover subjects that range from the core building blocks of population change--fertility, mortality, and migration--to the consequences of demographic changes in the biological and health fields, population theories and doctrines, observation systems, and the teaching of demography. The international perspectives brought to these subjects is vital for those who want an unbiased, rounded overview of these complex, multifaceted subjects.

Topics to be covered:
* Population Dynamics and the Relationship Between Population Growth and Structure
* The Determinants of Fertility
* The Determinants of Mortality
* The Determinants of Migration
* Historical and Geographical Determinants of Population
* The Effects of Population on Health, Economics, Culture, and the Environment
* Population Policies
* Data Collection Methods and Teaching about Population Studies

* All chapters share a common format
* Each chapter features several cross-references to other chapters
* Tables, charts, and other non-text features are widespread
* Each chapter contains at least 30 bibliographic citations

This four-volume collection of over 140 original chapters covers virtually everything of interest to demographers, sociologists, and others. Over 100 authors present population subjects in ways that provoke thinking and lead to the creation of new perspectives, not just facts and equations to be memorized. The articles follow a theory-methods-applications approach and so offer a kind of one-stop shop that is well suited for students and professors who need non-technical summaries, such as political scientists, public affairs specialists, and others. Unlike shorter handbooks, Demography: Analysis and Synthesis offers a long overdue, thorough treatment of the field.

Choosing the analytical method that fits the data and the situation requires insights that the authors and editors of Demography: Analysis and Synthesis have explored and developed. This extended examination of demographic tools not only seeks to explain the analytical tools themselves, but also the relationships between general population dynamics and their natural, economic, social, political, and cultural environments. Limiting themselves to human populations only, the authors and editors cover subjects that range from the core building blocks of population change--fertility, mortality, and migration--to the consequences of demographic changes in the biological and health fields, population theories and doctrines, observation systems, and the teaching of demography. The international perspectives brought to these subjects is vital for those who want an unbiased, rounded overview of these complex, multifaceted subjects.

This four-volume collection of over 140 original chapters covers virtually everything of interest to demographers, sociologists, and others. Over 100 authors present population subjects in ways that provoke thinking and lead to the creation of new perspectives, not just facts and equations to be memorized. The articles follow a theory-methods-applications approach and so offer a kind of "one-stop shop" that is well suited for students and professors who need non-technical summaries, such as political scientists, public affairs specialists, and others. Unlike shorter handbooks, Analysis and Synthesis offers a long overdue, thorough treatment of the field. Choosing the analytical method that fits the data and the situation requires insights that the authors and editors of Analysis and Synthesis have explored and developed. This extended examination of demographic tools not only seeks to explain the analytical tools themselves, but also the relationships between general population dynamics and their natural, economic, social, political, and cultural environments. Limiting themselves to human populations only, the authors and editors cover subjects that range from the core building blocks of population change--fertility, mortality, and migration--to the consequences of demographic changes in the biological and health fields, population theories and doctrines, observation systems, and the teaching of demography. The international perspectives brought to these subjects is vital for those who want an unbiased, rounded overview of these complex, multifaceted subjects. Topics to be * Population Dynamics and the Relationship Between Population Growth and Structure * The Determinants of Fertility * The Determinants of Mortality * The Determinants of Migration * Historical and Geographical Determinants of Population * The Effects of Population on Health, Economics, Culture, and the Environment * Population Policies * Data Collection Methods and Teaching about Population Studies * All chapters share a common format * Each chapter features several cross-references to other chapters * Tables, charts, and other non-text features are widespread * Each chapter contains at least 30 bibliographic citations This four-volume collection of over 140 original chapters covers virtually everything of interest to demographers, sociologists, and others. Over 100 authors present population subjects in ways that provoke thinking and lead to the creation of new perspectives, not just facts and equations to be memorized. The articles follow a theory-methods-applications approach and so offer a kind of 'one-stop shop' that is well suited for students and professors who need non-technical summaries, such as political scientists, public affairs specialists, and others. Unlike shorter handbooks, "Demography: Analysis and Synthesis" offers a long overdue, thorough treatment of the field. Choosing the analytical method that fits the data and the situation requires insights that the authors and editors of "Demography: Analysis and Synthesis" have explored and developed. This extended examination of demographic tools not only seeks to explain the analytical tools themselves, but also the relationships between general population dynamics and their natural, economic, social, political, and cultural environments. Limiting themselves to human populations only, the authors and editors cover subjects that range from the core building blocks of population change - fertility, mortality, and migration - to the consequences of demographic changes in the biological and health fields, population theories and doctrines, observation systems, and the teaching of demography. The international perspectives brought to these subjects is vital for those who want an unbiased, rounded overview of these complex, multifaceted subjects