Democracy By Force: Us Military Intervention In The Post-cold War World (london School Of Economics Mathematics)

Since the end of the Cold War, the international community, and the USA in particular, has intervened in a series of civil conflicts around the world. In a number of cases, where actions such as economic sanctions or diplomatic pressures have failed, military interventions have been undertaken. This 1999 book examines four US-sponsored interventions (Panama, Somalia, Haiti and Bosnia), focusing on efforts to reconstruct the state which have followed military action. Such nation-building is vital if conflict is not to recur. In each of the four cases, Karin von Hippel considers the factors which led the USA to intervene, the path of military intervention, and the nation-building efforts which followed. The book seeks to provide a greater understanding of the successes and failures of US policy, to improve strategies for reconstruction, and to provide some insight into the conditions under which intervention and nation-building are likely to succeed. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Series-title......Page 5 Title......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Table of Contents......Page 9 Maps......Page 10 Acknowledgements......Page 11 Abbreviations......Page 13 1 Introduction: dangerous hubris......Page 15 Military intervention and nation-building: an historical overview......Page 17 The evolution of the non-interventionary norm......Page 18 American allowances......Page 21 Nation-building and democratisation defined......Page 23 Germany and Japan: an overview......Page 25 Germany......Page 27 Japan......Page 30 The nadir of nation-building: Vietnam......Page 32 Nation-building wanes in the new world order......Page 37 Issues addressed: why these case studies?......Page 38 Building castles in the swamp......Page 40 A painfully close Panamanian–American relationship......Page 41 Drugs and diplomacy: just say no......Page 44 Count-down to the invasion......Page 45 Planning an invasion......Page 49 Operation Promote Liberty and the military support group: after the invasion......Page 51 Policing the police......Page 54 In the aftermath of the aftermath......Page 56 Evolving international law......Page 60 Conclusions......Page 64 Lessons learned......Page 65 3 Disappointed and defeated in Somalia......Page 69 Creating the crisis......Page 70 Traditional or trailblazing?......Page 75 We can rebuild it: we have the technology......Page 79 Somali solecisms......Page 82 UNcertainties......Page 84 American obfuscation......Page 86 UN–US unstable alliance......Page 88 Lessons learned – lessons to learn......Page 92 Vicious circles vs. on-going efforts to rebuild the state......Page 98 4 Heartened in Haiti......Page 106 Democratisation and international security......Page 107 Haiti’s tragic history......Page 110 International response to Aristide’s overthrow: the last straw......Page 112 Non-compliance meets a military response......Page 114 Why military force?......Page 115 Intervention, not invasion......Page 117 MNF to UNMIH to UNSMIH to UNTMIH to MIPONUH: transition to peacekeeping and operation shrinkage......Page 118 Limited mandates......Page 121 Nation-building part I: police, military and judicial reforms......Page 122 Nation-building part II: strengthening democratic institutions......Page 126 Nation-building part III: economic development......Page 127 Conclusions......Page 130 Lessons learned and applied: militarily......Page 131 Lessons learned and applied: inter-agency co-operation and peace support operations......Page 133 Reversing the downward development spiral......Page 137 Implications for the future: is Haiti a model?......Page 138 5 UNPROFOR, IFOR and SFOR: can peace be FORced on Bosnia?......Page 141 Serbian irredentism......Page 142 The European Community recognises new states......Page 144 Conflicting approaches......Page 147 Sanctions......Page 149 Difficulties at the UN......Page 150 The media and refugees......Page 152 To carve up Bosnia......Page 154 NATO attacks......Page 162 Down to Dayton......Page 164 Dayton in practice......Page 168 A perilous peace?......Page 173 Implications......Page 178 6 Hubris or progress: can democracy be forced?......Page 182 Common considerations: what factors preceded the interventions?......Page 183 The rules of disengagement......Page 189 Co-ordination compels compliance......Page 192 Peace support operations......Page 193 A return to the non-interventionary norm?......Page 197 Advances in nation-building?......Page 199 State collapse and reconstruction......Page 203 BOOKS AND REPORTS......Page 221 JOURNAL ARTICLES AND SHORT PAPERS......Page 224 NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES AND WIRE SERVICES CONSULTED......Page 226 CONFERENCE PAPERS......Page 227 Index......Page 229 Cover 1 Half-title 3 Series-title 5 Title 7 Copyright 8 Table of Contents 9 Maps 10 Acknowledgements 11 Abbreviations 13 1 Introduction: dangerous hubris 15 Military intervention and nation-building: an historical overview 17 The evolution of the non-interventionary norm 18 American allowances 21 Nation-building and democratisation defined 23 The apex of nation-building: the Allied occupation of Germany and Japan 25 Germany and Japan: an overview 25 Germany 27 Japan 30 The nadir of nation-building: Vietnam 32 Nation-building wanes in the new world order 37 Issues addressed: why these case studies? 38 Building castles in the swamp 40 2 Invasion or intervention? Operation Just Cause 41 In the run-up to invasion 41 A painfully close Panamanian–American relationship 41 Drugs and diplomacy: just say no 44 Count-down to the invasion 45 Plans conceived and completed 49 Planning an invasion 49 Operation Promote Liberty and the military support group: after the invasion 51 Policing the police 54 In the aftermath of the aftermath 56 Evolving international law 60 Conclusions 64 Lessons learned 65 3 Disappointed and defeated in Somalia 69 Somalia, the United Nations, and the United States 70 Creating the crisis 70 Traditional or trailblazing? 75 Nation-building 79 We can rebuild it: we have the technology 79 Over-exertion and under-achievement (814 or bust) 82 Somali solecisms 82 UNcertainties 84 American obfuscation 86 UN–US unstable alliance 88 Conclusions 92 Lessons learned – lessons to learn 92 Vicious circles vs. on-going efforts to rebuild the state 98 4 Heartened in Haiti 106 The run-up to intervention 107 Democratisation and international security 107 Haiti’s tragic history 110 International response to Aristide’s overthrow: the last straw 112 Non-compliance meets a military response 114 Why military force? 115 Closer collaboration: US and UN co-ordination 117 Intervention, not invasion 117 MNF to UNMIH to UNSMIH to UNTMIH to MIPONUH: transition to peacekeeping and operation shrinkage 118 Limited mandates 121 Nation-building part I: police, military and judicial reforms 122 Nation-building part II: strengthening democratic institutions 126 Nation-building part III: economic development 127 Assistance by foreign troops 130 Conclusions 130 Lessons learned and applied: militarily 131 Lessons learned and applied: inter-agency co-operation and peace support operations 133 Reversing the downward development spiral 137 Implications for the future: is Haiti a model? 138 5 UNPROFOR, IFOR and SFOR: can peace be FORced on Bosnia? 141 International impotence 142 Serbian irredentism 142 The European Community recognises new states 144 Conflicting approaches 147 Sanctions 149 Difficulties at the UN 150 The media and refugees 152 The plethora of peace plans 154 To carve up Bosnia 154 NATO attacks 162 Down to Dayton 164 Conclusions 168 Dayton in practice 168 A perilous peace? 173 Implications 178 6 Hubris or progress: can democracy be forced? 182 Common considerations: what factors preceded the interventions? 183 Lessons learned and applied 189 The rules of disengagement 189 Co-ordination compels compliance 192 Peace support operations 193 A return to the non-interventionary norm? 197 Conclusions 199 Advances in nation-building? 199 State collapse and reconstruction 203 Bibliography 221 BOOKS AND REPORTS 221 JOURNAL ARTICLES AND SHORT PAPERS 224 NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES AND WIRE SERVICES CONSULTED 226 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 227 CONFERENCE PAPERS 227 Index 229 Since the end of the Cold War the United States has intervened militarily in a number of civil conflicts around the world, with varying degrees of success. This book examines four US-sponsored interventions (Panama, Somalia, Haiti and Bosnia), focusing on the vital nation-building efforts which have followed military action. The book seeks to provide a greater understanding of the successes and failures of US policy, to improve strategies for reconstruction, and to provide some insight into the conditions under which intervention and nation-building are likely to succeed. Introduction : Dangerous Hubris -- Invasion Or Intervention? Operation Just Cause -- Disappointed And Defeated In Somalia -- Heartened In Haiti -- Unprofor, Ifor And Sfor : Can Peace Be Forced On Bosnia? -- Hubris Or Progress : Can Democracy Be Forced? Karin Von Hippel. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 207-214) And Index.