Democracy and Political Change in the 'Third World' (Routledge ECPR Studies in European Political Science)

This book examines the experience of democracy in developing countries such as Mexico, Zambia, India and Indonesia. It considers the patchy democratic record of such countries, as well as investigating the relationship between external and domestic factors to democratisation. The contributors assess the importance to democratic progress of a number of key variables, including:\*the institutionalisation of political parties and electoral systems\* the role of civil society\*the influence of external actors, such as the European Union Book Cover......Page 1 Half-Title......Page 2 Title......Page 6 Copyright......Page 7 Contents......Page 8 Figures......Page 10 Tables......Page 11 Contributors......Page 12 1 Introduction......Page 17 Categorising democracy in the ‘Third World’......Page 21 ‘Facade’ democracy......Page 22 ‘Electoral’ democracy......Page 23 ‘Full’ democracy......Page 26 What is democratic consolidation?......Page 27 External factors and democratic consolidation......Page 30 Conclusion......Page 33 Notes......Page 36 2 Quality assessment of democracy in the ‘Third World’......Page 38 What is the value of a democratic audit?......Page 39 Establishing the standards for an audit......Page 40 Examining the electoral process......Page 42 Freedom from intimidation, bribery and dishonesty......Page 43 Candidature opportunity regardless of age, literacy or parentage......Page 44 Examining the openness and accountability of government......Page 45 Parliamentarians’ accessibility to their constituents......Page 46 Where local government is merely an administrative arm of central government......Page 47 National consciousness......Page 48 Public support for democracy and the rule of law......Page 49 Drawbacks of the methodology......Page 50 Conclusion: the benefits of measuring democratic quality......Page 51 Introduction......Page 52 Illiberal democracy: operationalisation......Page 55 Empirical enquiry: roots and performance of illiberal democracy......Page 58 Design and methodology......Page 59 Colonial traditions......Page 60 Ethnic structure and cultural orientation......Page 61 The performance of illiberal democracy......Page 62 Societal performance......Page 63 Public policy performance......Page 64 Economic performance......Page 65 Social performance......Page 67 Discussion......Page 68 Appendix: ‘Third World’ countries classified according to regime-type......Page 71 4 Electoral institutional change and democratisation......Page 73 The case for conducting qualitatively acceptable elections in transitional democracies......Page 75 What should be done?......Page 79 The electoral process......Page 83 Step 1: Establishment of the legal framework for the electoral process......Page 85 Step 2: Establishment of an adequate election management structure......Page 87 Step 5: Voter registration......Page 88 Step 7: Regulation of the electoral campaign......Page 89 Step 10: The electoral court system......Page 90 Conclusion......Page 91 5 Party institutionalisation and the new democracies......Page 93 Party institutionalisation: refining the concept......Page 95 Party institutionalisation in the ‘Third World’......Page 100 Party-building......Page 101 Organisational resources......Page 102 The party and its leadership......Page 103 Factionalism......Page 104 Clientelism......Page 105 Party system institutionalisation......Page 108 Conclusion......Page 113 Notes......Page 114 Introduction......Page 116 Indirect effects, contagion and diffusion......Page 118 Political conditionality......Page 119 Positive measures......Page 120 A justification of the international promotion of democracy......Page 121 The genesis of a global player......Page 122 External trade policy......Page 123 Development policy......Page 124 The significance of the EU in democratisation processes......Page 126 The EU’s promotion of democratisation in Malawi......Page 127 The EU’s promotion of democratic consolidation in Malawi......Page 129 Conclusion......Page 131 Notes......Page 132 Introduction......Page 134 Democratic transition......Page 136 Institutional checks and balances......Page 139 From election victory into government......Page 141 Declining state authority......Page 143 Corruption......Page 144 Citizenship and the rule of law......Page 145 Socio-economic constraints......Page 147 Conclusions......Page 148 Notes......Page 149 8 Taking stock of democracy in Zambia......Page 151 Economic and socio-economic......Page 152 Political culture and political behaviour......Page 154 Civil society......Page 155 History as good news......Page 158 History as bad news......Page 159 The path and pitfalls of change......Page 160 Institutional matters......Page 161 Structure versus agency?......Page 162 Society......Page 163 Regional politics......Page 164 International political economy......Page 165 Looking ahead......Page 167 Notes......Page 170 Democracy and political parties......Page 171 The Indian National Congress (INC) and democracy......Page 174 Indira Gandhi and the demise of the Congress system......Page 178 The proliferation of Indian political parties......Page 181 Consequences of party proliferation and coalitions for democracy in India......Page 182 Aggregation......Page 184 Conciliation......Page 186 Commitment to liberal democratic values......Page 187 Conclusions......Page 188 Notes......Page 189 The new consensus on democracy is not good enough......Page 190 Biased definitions......Page 191 Elite manoeuvres......Page 192 Little knowledge of the most important processes......Page 194 The new primacy of local and mass politics......Page 195 Popular politics of democratisation......Page 196 Background......Page 197 Single issues and special interests......Page 198 The elections and their aftermath......Page 199 The birth of the world’s third-largest democracy......Page 200 The regional grievances and the crisis in East Timor......Page 202 Beyond aliran politics: de-Golkarisation or elite reconciliation?......Page 206 Gus Dur’s ‘Pact Order’ and the political violence......Page 207 Neglected democratic preconditions......Page 210 A democratic vacuum—and a race to fill it......Page 211 Notes......Page 215 11 Conclusions......Page 217 Structured contingency and democracy......Page 218 Political culture and the legitimacy of the post-authoritarian regime......Page 222 The armed forces......Page 223 Civil and political society......Page 224 Economic aspects......Page 226 International factors......Page 227 The future......Page 229 Bibliography......Page 231 Index......Page 251 1. Introduction: The Third World And The Third Wave Of Democracy / Jeff Haynes -- 2. Quality Assessment Of Democracy In The 'third World' / Bruce Baker -- 3. Illiberal Democracy In The 'third World': An Empirical Enquiry / Jan Engberg And Svante Ersson -- 4. Electoral Institutional Change And Democratisation: Election Administration Quality And The Legitimacy Of 'third World' Elections / Jorgen Elklit -- 5. Party Institutionalisation And The New Democracies / Vicky Randall And Lars Svasand -- 6. External Actors In Processes Of Democratic Consolidation: The European Union And Malawi / Armin K. Nolting -- 7. Democratic Transition And Consolidation In Mexico / Darren Wallis -- 8. Taking Stock Of Democracy In Zambia / Peter Burnell. Edited By Jeff Haynes. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [212]-230) And Index. Book Cover; Title; Contents; List of figures; List of tables; List of contributors; Series editor's preface; Introduction: the 'Third World' and the third wave of democracy; Quality assessment of democracy in the 'Third World'; Illiberal democracy in the 'Third World': an empirical enquiry; Electoral institutional change and democratisation: election administration quality and the legitimacy of 'Third World' elections; Party institutionalisation and the new democracies; External actors in processes of democratic consolidation: the European Union and Malawi. Democratic transition and consolidation in MexicoTaking stock of democracy in Zambia; Political parties and the development of Indian democracy; Indonesia's democratisation; Conclusions; Bibliography; Index. This book examines the experience of democracy in developing countries such as Mexico, Zambia, India and Indonesia. It considers the patchy democratic record of such countries, as well as investigating the relationship between external and domestic factors to democratisation. The contributors assess the importance to democratic progress of a number of key variables, including: *the institutionalisation of political parties and electoral systems * the role of civil society *the influence of external actors, such as the European Union This book examines the experience of democracy in developing countries such as Mexico, Zambia, India and Indonesia. The book will be of interest to scholars of Comparative Politics, Third World Politics and Development studies. The third wave of democracy started in Southern Europe in the mid-1970s, before spreading in the 1980s to Latin America, Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa (Huntington 1991). This book examines the current position of democracy in the third world and the experience of newly democratized countries such as Mexico, Zambia, India and Indonesia.