Deixis in Egyptian: The Close, the Distant, and the Known (Harvard Egyptological Studies, 18)

In this volume, Maxim N. Kupreyev explores the intricate stories of Egyptian-Coptic demonstratives and adverbs, personal, relative pronouns and definite articles. Applying the concepts of distance, contrast, and joint attention, the book offers a panorama of competing deictic systems in Old Kingdom Egypt. It singles out dialectal differences and outlines the history of deixis not as a linear development, but as a competition of regional variants that gradually attain normative status. The results of the study reconsider the evolution of Ancient Egyptian, its periodization and its embedding in the Afro-Asiatic linguistic context. ‎Table of Contents 8 ‎Acknowledgements 12 ‎Tables 14 ‎Abbreviations 18 ‎Chapter 1. Introduction 26 ‎1. A Short History of Deixis in Egyptian-Coptic: Evolution, Revolution, Involution 26 ‎2. Synoptic Overview of the Chapters 36 ‎3. Text Corpus 39 ‎Chapter 2. Demonstratives in Old Egyptian: Typological Features 47 ‎1. Literature Review 47 ‎1.1. Edel (1955/1964) 47 ‎1.2. Fecht (1960) 52 ‎1.3. Westendorf (1962) 54 ‎1.4. Schenkel (1989), Kammerzell (1992) 55 ‎1.5. Kahl (2002), Schweitzer (2005), Pätznick (2005), Scheele-Schweitzer (2014) 57 ‎1.6. Jenni (2009), Sperveslage (2009) 60 ‎1.7. Zöller-Engelhardt (2016) 62 ‎1.8. Allen (2017) 65 ‎2. Pragmatic and Semantic Features 66 ‎2.1. Theory 67 ‎2.1.1. Exophoric (Situational) Use 67 ‎2.1.2. Endophoric Use 68 ‎2.1.3. Recognitional Use 70 ‎2.1.4. Emotive Use 71 ‎2.1.5. Spatial Features 72 ‎2.1.6. Joint Attention Features 75 ‎2.1.7. Qualitative Features 85 ‎2.2. Praxis 86 ‎2.2.1. The System of Joint Attention 87 ‎2.2.2. The System of Relative Distance 104 ‎2.2.3. The System of Joint Attention: An Unexposed Continuity 119 ‎3. Morphological Features 131 ‎3.1. Theory 131 ‎3.1.1. Deictic Roots Extended with Non-Deictic Morphemes 132 ‎3.1.2. Deictic Roots Extended with Deictic Morphemes 134 ‎3.2. Praxis 137 ‎3.2.1. Constitutive Morphemes of Egyptian Deictics 138 ‎3.2.2. The Origins of the Deictic Morpheme 𓄿 ꜣ 143 ‎3.2.3. Conclusions 168 ‎4. Syntactic Features 173 ‎4.1. Theory 173 ‎4.1.1. Adnominal Use 173 ‎4.1.2. Pronominal Use 178 ‎4.1.3. Predicative Use 179 ‎4.1.4. Adverbial Use 180 ‎4.2. Praxis 180 ‎4.2.1. Adnominal Use 181 ‎4.2.2. Pronominal Use 182 ‎4.2.3. Adverbial Use 185 ‎4.2.4. Predicative Use 185 ‎4.2.5. Conclusions 191 ‎Chapter 3. Deixis, Dialects, and Linguistic Hegemony 200 ‎1. Literature Review 202 ‎1.1. Edgerton (1951) 202 ‎1.2. Edel (1955/1964) 204 ‎1.3. Fecht (1960) 206 ‎1.4. Allen (2004) 208 ‎1.5. Gundacker (2010, 2017), Ilin-Tomich (2018) 209 ‎1.6. Winand (2017) 213 ‎2. Theory 215 ‎3. Praxis 219 ‎3.1. Comparative Cluster 1: Pragmatic Features 221 ‎3.1.1. Memphite Region: Two-Term Deictic System of Joint Attention 222 ‎3.1.2. Memphite Region: Three-Term (Mixed) Deictic System 224 ‎3.1.3. Elephantine and Abydos: Two-Term Deictic System of Relative Distance 225 ‎3.1.4. Elephantine and Coptos: Three-Term (Mixed) Deictic System 227 ‎3.2. Comparative Cluster 2: Morphological and Syntactic Features 230 ‎3.3. Conclusions 233 ‎3.3.1. Deixis and Decorum 234 ‎3.3.2. Deixis and Dialects 236 ‎Chapter 4. Grammaticalization Channels of Deictic Roots 240 ‎1. Definite and Specific Articles 243 ‎1.1. Theory 243 ‎1.1.1. Anaphoric Demonstrative and Definite Article 244 ‎1.1.2. Recognitional Demonstrative and Definite Article 247 ‎1.1.3. The Grid of Typological Features 250 ‎1.2. Praxis 254 ‎1.2.1. Old, Middle, and Late Egyptian 254 ‎1.2.2. Demotic 264 ‎1.2.3. Coptic 271 ‎2. Personal and Relative Pronouns 296 ‎2.1. Theory 296 ‎2.1.1. Personal Pronouns 296 ‎2.1.2. Relative Pronouns 299 ‎2.2. Praxis 301 ‎2.2.1. Group 1 302 ‎2.2.2. Group 2 309 ‎2.2.3. Conclusions 311 ‎3. Nexus (Copula) Pronouns and Focus Markers 320 ‎3.1. Theory 320 ‎3.2. Praxis 323 ‎3.2.1. Emphatic Particle w (ꜣ) 323 ‎3.2.2. Negative Particle w 327 ‎4. Adverbs 333 ‎4.1. Theory 333 ‎4.2. Praxis 333 ‎4.2.1. 𓂝 as Dental Stop /d/ 333 ‎4.2.2. 𓂝 as Pharyngeal Fricative /ꜥ/ 337 ‎4.2.3. dwꜣ.t and dꜣ.t 341 ‎Chapter 5. The Close, the Distant and the Known: Concluding Remarks 346 ‎1. Pragmatic Features: from Attentional Demonstratives to Definite Articles 346 ‎1.1. Old Kingdom 347 ‎1.2. After Old Kingdom 349 ‎2. Morphological Features: From pw to pꜣ 352 ‎3. Syntactic Features: from Enclitics to Proclitics 353 ‎4. Dialectal Features: From Dialectal Form to Linguistic Norm 354 ‎5. Research Outlook: Beyond Grammar 357 ‎Appendix: Definiteness and Specificity in Article-Less Languages 360 ‎Bibliography 374 ‎Index of Place Names 407 ‎Index of Deictic Forms 408 ‎Index of Languages and Language Families 410 ‎Index of Linguistic Terms 412 ‎Index of Quoted Sources 414 "In this volume, Maxim N. Kupreyev looks at the intricate stories of Egyptian-Coptic demonstratives and adverbs, personal, relative pronouns and definite articles. Applying the concepts of distance, contrast, and joint attention, the book offers a panorama of competing deitic systems in Old Kingdom Egypt. It singles out dialectal differences and outlines the history of deixis not as a linear development, but as a competition of regional variants that gradually attain normative status. The results of the study change the way we interpret the evolution of Ancient Egyptian, its periodization and its embedding in the Afro-Asiatic linguistic context"-- Provided by publisher