Decreto Ministeriale 2016 IMAT Medicina in Inglese

This new edition of the SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research represents the sixth generation of the ongoing conversation about the discipline, practice, and conduct of qualitative inquiry. As with earlier editions, the Sixth Edition is virtually a new volume, with 27 of the 34 chapters representing new topics or approaches not seen in the previous edition, including intersectionality; critical disability research; postcolonial and decolonized knowledge; diffraction and intra-action; social media methodologies; thematic analysis, collaborative inquiry from the borderlands; qualitative inquiry and public health science; co-production and the politics of impact; publishing qualitative research; and academic survival. Authors in the Sixth Edition engage with questions of ontology and epistemology, the politics of the research act, the changing landscape of higher education, and the role qualitative researchers play in contributing to a more just, egalitarian society. To mark the Handbook’s 30-year history, we are pleased to offer a bonus PART VI in the eBook versions of the Sixth Edition: this additional section brings together and reprints ten of the most famous or game-changing contributions from the previous five editions. Cover Half Title Page Title Page Copyright Page Advisory Board Brief Contents Detailed Contents Preface Acknowledgments Editor Bios Contributor Bios Chapter 1: Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research Interpretive Communities—Past, Present, and Into the Future Mapping Qualitative Inquiry History, Politics, and Paradigms Toward a New Paradigm Dialog(s) Performance, Affect, and the New Materialisms Resistances to Qualitative Studies Historical Moments Definitional Issues: Research Versus Inquiry The Qualitative Researcher-as-Bricoleur Qualitative Research as a Site of Multiple Interpretive Practices Politics and Reemergent Scientism The Pragmatic Criticisms of Antifoundationalism Qualitative Research as Process The “Other” as Research Subject Part I: Locating the Field Part II: Philosophies of Inquiry Part III: Practices of Inquiry Part IV: Political Considerations Part V: Into the Future Notes Part I: Locating the Field Chapter 2: A History of Qualitative Inquiry in Social and Educational Research Origins of Qualitative Research The Emergence of Ethnography Adding Point of View A “Golden Age” of Realist Ethnography Crises in Ethnographic Authority Qualitative Inquiry in Educational Research The Current Scene Conclusion Discussion Questions Note Chapter 3: Ethics, Research Regulations, and Critical Qualitative Science Constructing Critical Ways of Being Ethics, Critical Qualitative Science, and Institutionalized Forms of Governmentality Transforming Regulations: Redefining the Technologies That Govern Us Discussion Questions Notes Chapter 4: Paradigmatic Controversies, Contradictions, and Emerging Confluences, Revisited Major Issues Confronting All Paradigms Axiology Accommodation, Commensurability, and Cumulation Cumulation The Call to Action Control Foundations of Truth and Knowledge in Paradigms Validity: An Extended Agenda Whither and Whether Criteria Validity as Authenticity Validity as Resistance and as Poststructural Transgression Other “Transgressive” Validities Validity as an Ethical Relationship Voice, Reflexivity, and Postmodern Textual Representation Voice Reflexivity Postmodern Textual Representations A Glimpse of the Future Notes Part II: Philosophies of Inquiry Chapter 5: Feminist Inquiry Why Is Feminist Inquiry and Feminist Action Still Necessary? What Is Feminist Inquiry? Current Frustrations/Actions/Protests/Joys The Formation of Gendered Identities Who Will Count as Human? Six Principles for Asking Questions and Developing Strategies of Inquiry New Developments and Perspectives (i.e., What Is Under Debate, Pending, and/or Unresolved in This Area?) Conclusion—Where Might Feminist Inquiry Go in the Next Decade? Discussion Questions Chapter 6: Critical Race Theory and the Postracial Imaginary Introduction—Keeping It Real The Moral Clarion Call Race and the Work of Social Scientists The Promise and Potential of Critical Race Theory Challenges to Critical Race Theory Just what exactly is critical race theory? Critical race theory in education and the issue of rigor Conclusion—Race Still Matters Discussion Questions Notes Chapter 7: Intersectionality Methodology: A Qualitative Research Imperative for Black Women’s Lives Introduction Intersectionality Methodology: A Qualitative Research Imperative for Black Women’s Lives Intersectionality: Black Feminism as Theory, Research, and Praxis Intersectionality Methodology IM Draws Upon Crenshaw’s Intersectionality IM’s Features Enable Sophisticated Intersectional Analyses IM Approach to Data Collection and Transformation Envisioning a Future for Intersectionality Methodology Discussion Questions Note Chapter 8: Queer/Quare Theory: Worldmaking and Methodologies (Revisited) Queering Queer Theory Queer Worldmaking (or Raising and Lowering of Flags) Unprecedented Times (or Queer Patriotism) (January 6, 2021) Queer of Color Critique/Analysis Tenets of Ferguson’s Queer of Color Critique/Analysis Tenets of Johnson’s Quare Studies Theorems of Disidentification Dear Jussie Smollet17 Discussion Questions Notes Chapter 9: Critical Disability Studies and Diverse Bodyminds in Qualitative Inquiry Introduction and Aims Working at the Intersections: Disability and Critical Qualitative Research Disability Studies: An Overview Critical Disability Studies and the Key Conceptual Connections Underlying Assumptions of Crip Horizons Committing to and Doing the Work of Centering Disability Conclusions and Musings Notes Chapter 10: Critical Post-Intentional Phenomenological Inquiry (CRIT-PIP): Why It Matters and What It Can Do Introduction Historical Grounding of Phenomenology1 Phenomenological Philosophy—30K Feet Phenomenological Methodology—10K Feet Phenomenological Methods—“On the Ground” Post-Intentional Phenomenology (PIP): A Brief Overview of Key Principles Important Shifts in PIP Toward the Critical A Not-Tidy Conclusion: Crit-PIP Directly Engaging the Social and Political From Hazen Land Acknowledgment Background on Indigenous Frameworks Native American Ten Commandments What Crit-PIP Must Do From Bisola From Keitha-Gail From Jana Discussion Questions Notes Chapter 11: Why We Do Indigenous Methodologies: Contemplations on Indigenous Protocol, Theory, and Method Indigenous Dispossession and Resistance Arises Indigenous Methodologies The Axiological Imperative of Indigenous Theory and Methodologies A Letter From Sweeney Intentionality Some Important Questions Triangulation Research Can Be Conscientized and Liberating A Letter from Timothy San Pedro Concluding Remarks Discussion Questions Notes Chapter 12: Postcolonial and Decolonized Knowing: Speaking “Nearby”—A Letter to Rekha Discussion Questions Chapter 13: Poststructural Engagements Introduction Organizational Structure Defining Poststructural/Theory Fascist Problems (and Answers) What Is “Post” Anyway? Becoming-with Poststructuralism Antimethod?9 Poststructural Inquiry What Is to Be Done? (and Something Must Be Done) Conclusion: Enacting Poststructural Inquiry as Antimethod Discussion Questions Notes Chapter 14: Agential Realism, Intra-Action, and Diffractive Methodology Key Concepts in Barad’s Theory Agential Realism, Intra-Action, Entanglement, and Agential Cut Diffraction and Diffractive Methodology Criticisms of Barad’s Theory A Research Example Methodological Issues Associated with the Use of Barad’s Theory Future Directions for the Use of Barad’s Theory Discussion Questions Notes Part III: Practices of Inquiry Chapter 15: Examining the “Inside Lives” of Research Interviews Introduction A Short History of Interviewing Challenges of the Interview Method Examining the Seen-but-Unnoticed Features of Research Interviews Examining Features of Interview Interaction What Topics Have Researchers Studied? New Developments Conclusion Discussion Questions Acknowledgments Note Appendix: Transcription Conventions Chapter 16: Observation in a Surveilled World Epistemology and Proximity Current Context History Modern Observation as Academic Practice Mediation and Method Ethics of Proximity Observing Observation, Differently Practical Issues of Implementation Developments in Observation and Surveillance Emergent Issues, Tendencies, and Speculations About the Future Discussion Questions Notes Chapter 17: Ethnographic Futures: Embodied, Diffractive, and Decolonizing Approaches Proem A Turn Toward the Body A Turn Toward New Materialism and Diffraction A Turn Toward Decolonization Conclusion Discussion Questions Acknowledgments Notes Chapter 18: Critical Situational Analysis After the Interpretive Turn Introduction Why “the Situation” and Not Just “Context”? Theoretical Foundations Methodological Approaches Situational Maps Mapping Relationality Social Worlds/Arenas Maps Positional Maps Critical Affordances of SA Research Recent Developments and Debates Regarding SA New Directions in SA Research Discussion Questions Notes Chapter 19: Thematic Analysis Introduction and Aims Introducing Thematic Analysis: A Brief History Three Key Debates Around Thematic Analysis Epistemology and Ontology in (Reflexive) Thematic Analysis Doing Reflexive Thematic Analysis: Theoretical and Methodological Guidance Data Familiarization Coding Generating Initial Themes Developing Themes: Reviewing, Refining, Defining, and Naming Themes Writing the Report New Developments and Applications Concluding Thoughts Discussion Questions Notes Chapter 20: Qualitative Social Media Methods: Netnography in the Age of Technocultures Introduction Ethnographic Research on Social Media: Challenges and Opportunities How Social Media and Netnography Coevolved Methodology: Ontology, Epistemology, and Axiology Virtual Ethnography, Digital Ethnography, and Other Approaches Five Advantageous Differences of Netnography Steps and Priorities of Netnography Conducting Ethical Research Evolving Netnography Discussion Questions Notes Chapter 21: Autoethnography as Becoming-with Introduction: Autoethnography as Making Kin Background and History: Autoethnography Then and Now Core Assumptions: Autoethnography Is Onto-epistemological Paying Attention to the Traces and Residue of the Personal Being Curious About the Ineffable and the Tacit Showing the Inseparability of Thought and Action The Work of Autoethnography Foregrounding Personal Experience in/as Research Gaining Insight Into the Emotional, Embodied, and Relational Grappling With the Subjective, Everyday, and Emergent Composing a Common Liveable World The Hows and the Whys of Autoethnography: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches Missing Each Other Monument to Rehearsal Developments and Debates Evaluating Autoethnography Autoethnographic Ethics Conclusion Discussion Questions Notes Chapter 22: Performance Shapes for Qualitative Inquiry Introduction: Purpose, Terminology, and Goals Brief Historic Background Epistemological Assumptions of Performance Performance Shapes for Qualitative Inquiry The Research Studio Improvisational Inquiry Theatre of the Oppressed Ethnodrama and Ethnotheatre Transformation Autoethnographic Performance See Johnny Remember New Developments and Perspectives Conclusion Discussion Questions Chapter 23: The Arts as Research: Nomadic Materiality and Possible Futures Overview The Arts as Inquiry Into Social Justice The Arts as Inquiry Into Materiality The Arts as Personal Becoming Conceptual Approaches to the Arts as Research The Arts as Embodied Practice Sullivan’s Artistic Domains Guiding Questions for Embodied Practice Aesthetic Approaches to Research Visuality Design as Social Intervention Resistance to the Arts as Research Narrative and Poetic Analysis Performance Ethical Questions Surrounding the Arts as Research Conclusion Discussion Questions Chapter 24: Communicative Methodology: Working Together With the Roma Community for Improving Their Lives The Main Pillars of the Communicative Methodology Dialogic Orientation The Seven Postulates of the Communicative Methodology The Universality of Language and Action Individuals as Transformative Social Agents Communicative Rationality Common Sense No Interpretative Hierarchy Same Epistemological Level Dialogic Knowledge The Importance of the Interactions Egalitarian Dialogue Cultural Intelligence Transformation Instrumental Dimension Creation of Meaning Solidarity Equality of Differences Twenty-Five Years Working With and for the Roma Community Communicative Organization Communicative Data Collection Techniques Communicative Data Analysis Communicative Methodology and Social Impact Within the Roma Community How the Social Impact Within the Roma Community Has Been Reached Using the Communicative Methodology The Influence of the Communicative Methodology Applied in Workaló and the Integrated Plan of the Roma Community in Catalonia Discussion Questions Chapter 25: Betweener Autoethnographies: Collaborative Inquiry from the Borderlands Prologue Introduction Expanding the Circle of Us Locating Betweener Autoethnographies in Qualitative Inquiry Performance Turn Critical Pedagogy Third World Feminism Central Metaphor: Betweener Autoethnographies Activism Through Decolonizing Inquiry Words to End With: Into the Future Discussion Questions Part IV: Evidence, Politics, and Knowledge Production Chapter 26: Qualitative Inquiry and Public Health Science: Case Studies From the COVID-19 Pandemic Introduction and Aims The COVID-19 Pandemic in (and as) Context Studying the Pandemic Empirically—The Case Study Method Case Study 1: The “African COVID-19 Paradox”—Interrogating Global Health Blind Spots Case Study 2: Power and Pragmatism in the Science of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Conclusion and Epilogue Discussion Questions Acknowledgments Notes Chapter 27: Science, Evidence, and the Development of Policy and Practice: Can Qualitative Research Make a Different Contribution? Introduction Qualitative Inquiry and Scientific Research The Logic of Experimental Design Evidence-Based Medicine Renewed Disillusionment With RCTs in Educational Research Beyond Individual RCTs: What of the General Evidence Base? Science, Evidence, and Policy Can Qualitative Research Make a Different Contribution? Experimenting With Qualitative Research Conclusion Discussion Questions Chapter 28: Co-production and Impact: Challenges and Opportunities Co-Production: Toward Plurality of Meanings Co-Producing Research: Two Types Co-Production: The Role of Qualitative Researchers and Research Why Co-Produce Research? Impact: Definitions and Challenges Impact: Opportunities and Ways Forward Conclusions Discussion Questions Acknowledgements Chapter 29: The Elephant in the Living Room, or Extending the Conversation About the Politics of Evidence, Part 2 Prologue Dramatic Personae: Act One: Scene One: Dead Elephant (to be read by the antidata chorus) Act One: Scene Two: Elephants in Living Rooms Act One: Scene Three: Myths, Standards, and Criteria Act One: Scene Four: The Politics of Evidence Act Two: Scene One: The Parable of the Elephant Act Two: Scene Two: Two Other Versions of the Elephant Act Three: Scene One: Data All Over Again Act Three: Scene Two: A Rupture Act Three: Scene Three: The Politics of Evidence Again5 Act Three: Scene Three: Data Will Not Die Act Three: Scene Four: A World Without Data, a World Without Evidence The Performance Turn We Need a New Word An Aside on the Method of Instances Toward A Performative Cultural Politics Performance as Intervention Guiding Principles for a New Fable In Conclusion Discussion Questions Notes Chapter 30: Backsliding Toward Illiberal Democracy and Authoritarianism: Qualitative Inquiry, Academic Freedom, and Technologies of Governance From Coups to Backsliding What Kind of Democracy? Academic Freedom and Democracy On Academic Freedom Academic Freedom and Global Health Scholars at Risk?3 Academic Freedom and Liberal Democratic Drift The Red Scare McCarthy and the Cold War 9/11 and Beyond Diversity Tests Audit Culture A Call to Action Discussion Questions Acknowledgments Notes Part V: Into the Future Chapter 31: Academic Survival: Qualitative Researchers in the Neoliberal Academy Introduction and Aims The Importance of Knowing What Counts, Why, and How in a Neoliberal Academy Challenging Survivals: Neoliberal-Derived Versions of the Academic Supplicant and the Supplicant University The Nonprecariat’s Role Survival: A Double-Edged Sword in the Neoliberal Academy? Surviving by Getting to Know Our Data Doubles and Mini-Me’s and What They Do Surviving by Letting Others Shine: Teaching, Mentoring, and Sponsoring Others Teaching Sponsoring, Not Just Mentoring, Younger/Less Experienced Academics Taking Action: Have We Been Asleep at the Wheel? Rounding Off: Where to Now With No Easy End in Sight? Discussion Questions Notes Chapter 32: Publishing and Reviewing Qualitative Research How to Publish Qualitative Research A Brief History The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem Reviewing Qualitative Research The Future of Publishing Qualitative Research Discussion Questions Acknowledgments Notes Chapter 33: Qualitative Inquiry and Posthuman Futures: Justice and Challenging the Human/Nonhuman Life Dichotomy (Irreconcilable) Explanations and Avoiding Definitions Historical Groundings and Emergent Relations Language, Western Privilege, and Researcher Concerns Background History Critiques, Cautions, and Possibilities Considering Conceptual Posthumanist Relations Ethics and an Ontological Turn Toward Assemblages, Networks, and Systems Entanglements and Oddkin Relations Multiplicity Relational Qualitative Research: Becomingswith Posthumanist Orientations Posthuman Qualitative Research Futurings Discussion Questions Chapter 34: The Future of Qualitative Research Charting the Future Coming Together Final Thoughts Note Part VI: Handbook Foundations Chapter 35: Qualitative Methods: Their History in Sociology and Anthropology Early Ethnography: The Discovery of the Other Colonial Mentalities and the Persistence of the Other The “Evolution” of Culture and Society: Comte and the Comparative Method Twentieth-Century Ethnography: Comteanism and the Cold War The Ethnography of the American Indian: An Indigenous “Other” The Ethnography of the Civic Other: The Ghetto, the Natural Area, and the Small Town The Ethnography of Assimilation: The Other Remains an Other Ethnography Now: The Postmodern Challenge Notes Chapter 36: Ethics and Politics in Qualitative Research Ethics of Rationalism A. Subjective Experimentalism Mill’s Philosophy of Social Science 2. Value Neutrality in Max Weber B. Modernity’s Subject-Object Dichotomy II. Crisis of Modernity A. Philosophical Relativism B. Anti-realist Naturalism III. Ethics of Being A. Community as a Normative Ideal B. Restorative Justice Conclusion Notes Chapter 37: Feminist Qualitative Research in the Millennium’s First Decade: Developments, Challenges, Prospects Breadth Transformative Developments Post structural Postmodern Thought Critical Trends 2 Endarkening, Decolonizing, Indigenizing Feminist Research 2 Continuing Issues 2 Enduring Concerns 2 Contexts’ Influence on Qualitative Feminist Work, Agendas 2 Into the Future Notes Chapter 38: On Tricky Ground: Researching the Native in the Age of Uncertainty Introduction Indigenous Research and the Spaces It Speaks From “I Name this Research Methodology as Indigenist” (Lester Rigney 1999) Researching the Native In the Knowledge Economy Ethics and Research Atomistic Focus – Small Frame, Centered On Individuals Layering of Relevant Relationships – Individuals and Groups Cross Cutting Issues, Wider Frame of Reference Qualitative Travellers on Tricky Ground Notes Chapter 39: Rethinking Critical Theory and Qualitative Research The Roots of Critical Research Critical Humility: Our Idiosyncratic Interpretation of Critical Theory and Critical Research A Reconceptualized Critical Theory Critical Research and the Centrality of Interpretation: Critical Hermeneutics Critical Hermeneutical Methods of Interpretation Hermeneutical Horizons: Situating Critical Research Critical Hermeneutics: Laying the Groundwork of Critical Research Partisan Research in a “Neutral” Academic Culture Babes in Toyland: Critical Theory in Hyperreality Postmodern Culture Postmodern Social Theory Ludic and Resistance Postmodernism Critical Research and Cultural Studies Focusing on Critical Ethnography New Questions Concerning Validity in Critical Ethnography Recent Innovations in Critical Ethnography Conclusion: Critical Research in a Globalized, Privatized World Chapter 40: Qualitative Case Studies The Singular Case Intrinsic and Instrumental Interest in Cases Seeking the Particular More Than the Ordinary Organizing Around Issues Contexts The Study Case Selection Interactivity Data Gathering Triangulation Learning from the Particular Case Experiential Knowledge Knowledge Transfer From Researcher to Reader Storytelling26 Comparisons Ethics Summary Notes Chapter 41: Focus Groups: Strategic Articulations of Pedagogy, Politics, and Inquiry Dialogic Focus Groups as Critical Pedagogical Practice Focus Groups as Political Practice: Feminist Consciousness Raising Groups as Exemplars Focus Groups as Research Practice A Critical Summary of Focus Groups in Research Practice Retrospect and Prospect: Focus Groups as Strategic Articulations of Pedagogy, Politics, and Inquiry Chapter 42: Triangulation Abstract 1. Introduction Historical Antecedents of Using Triangulation in Qualitative Research What is Triangulation? 3. Triangulation 1.0: Denzin’s Conceptualization and the Critiques it Provoked Methodological Concept of Triangulation Why Triangulate? Mixed Methods as a Special Case or Subtype of Triangulation Mixed Methods as Reducing the Focus of Triangulation Qualitative and Quantitative Research: What is Combined? Mixed Methods as Reinventing the Idea of Triangulation 4. Triangulation 2.0: Critical Reflections about Triangulation facing Mixed Methods Research 5. Triangulation 3.0: Strong Program of Triangulation Triangulation: A Weak and A Strong Program Comprehensive Triangulation Systematic Triangulation of Perspectives Research Perspectives in Qualitative Research Definition of Triangulation Research Program for Studying Social Problems and Social Justice Using Triangulation Increasing the Societal Relevance of Qualitative Inquiry through Triangulation 6. Triangulation Within and Beyond Qualitative Research Staking out the Territories of Triangulation and Mixed Methods Research Triangulation of Perspectives as a Methodological Framework for Mixed Methods 7. Practical Issues of Implementation Design and Sampling Access Levels of Triangulation in Qualitative Research 8. Triangulation in the Process Research Strategy Data Collection Data Analysis Results to Expect: Possible Outcomes of Triangulation 9. Cutting Edge Issues Virtual and Real Worlds Mobile Methods and Traditional, Systematic Research Participatory and Non-participatory Research Citizen and Professional Research 11. Outlook: Triangulation in 10 Years – Where Will We Be? The Future of Triangulation Lies in the Further Development of Triangulation Triangulation as an – Implicit or Explicit – Standard of Qualitative Research Blanks and Uncharted Areas Chapter 43: Writing: A Method of Inquiry Writing in Contexts Historical Contexts: Writing Conventions Metaphor Writing Format Postmodernist Context Creative Analytic Practices: CAP Ethnography Whither and Whence? And Thence ... and Forever After Writing Practices Metaphor Writing Formats Creative Analytic Writing Practices Chapter 44: Post Qualitative Research: The Critique and the Coming After The Context of Scientifically Based Research The Resurgence of Postmodernism Reading Theory Postmodernism and Poststructuralism (the “posts”) Derrida’s Deconstruction Entanglement/Haecceity/Assemblage Deconstruction Happens A Return to Philosophy References Index