Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea : A Reference Guide

This pioneering publication provides A Reference Guide to the significant contributions of decisions of the World Court, as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and the world's most senior Court with the broadest material jurisdiction, to the development of the law of the sea as a part of the global system of peace and security. The Guide is dedicated to the Court's former President Stephen M. Schwebel in appreciation of his belief that it is important for the Court to further explore its pre-eminently unique role throughout the Third Millennium. Whereas the format of specific entries covered by this Reference Guide largely corresponds to the Parts and Annexes of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) and the 1994 Part XI Agreement, the heading of each entry also contains, as appropriate, references to the 1930 League of Nations Hague Draft, the four 1958 UN Geneva Conventions and the 1995 UN Straddling Stocks Agreement, as well as to the 1972 UN Stockholm, the 1992 Rio UNCED and the 2002 Johannesbourg instruments. This will enable the reader to relate the Court's decisions to the respective UNCLOS provisions as originated from and as implemented by these global framework instruments at various stages of codification and progressive development of the law of the sea. The entries cover principally Judgments and Orders (including the related pleadings) of the PCIJ and the ICJ and those decisions of Arbitral Tribunals and other third party fora as well as national courts which have been relied upon in the Court's jurisprudence. In addition, the recent decisions of the ITLOS and some other fora, such as the Annex VII Southern Bluefin Tuna, Singapore v. Malaysia, Barbados/Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana/Suriname and the Mox Plant Arbitral Tribunals, as well as references to treaties are also listed under specific entries as appropriate. Tables of Cases and Treaties will importantly facilitate the use of A Reference Guide. It has proven to be an indispensable tool for the Judges and governmental and other practitioners in furthering the coherent development of the law of the sea by international courts and tribunals on the one hand, and for international community of academics in the adequate assessing of this development on the other hand. TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 8 PREFACE......Page 14 Permanent Court of International Justice and International Court of Justice......Page 30 Inter-State Arbitral Tribunals......Page 37 International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea......Page 40 Other Third Party Fora......Page 41 National Courts......Page 42 Multilateral Treaties......Page 46 Bilateral Treaties......Page 51 TABLE OF UN CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA......Page 54 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS......Page 60 GLOBAL FRAMEWORK INSTRUMENTS......Page 64 Internal Waters/Territorial Sea: Legal Status......Page 66 Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (FCN)......Page 69 Breadth and Outer Limit of the Territorial Sea......Page 70 Normal Baselines......Page 72 Straight Baselines......Page 73 Mouth of Rivers......Page 76 Bays......Page 77 Low-Tide Elevations......Page 80 The Right and Meaning of Innocent Passage......Page 81 Innocent Passage of Warships......Page 82 Maintenance of Navigational Aids and Territorial Sovereignty......Page 83 Danzig Port......Page 87 Relevant Jurisprudence......Page 88 Ports/Oil and Gas Development......Page 89 Contiguous Zone......Page 91 Concept of International Servitudes......Page 92 Individual Canals......Page 93 Relevant Jurisprudence......Page 95 Transit Passage......Page 97 Innocent Passage through Straits......Page 98 Longstanding International Conventions in Force......Page 99 Safety of Passage Regulations......Page 100 Archipelagic State: Definition......Page 101 Archipelagic Baselines......Page 102 Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage......Page 103 Evolution......Page 104 Customary Law Status......Page 107 Production of Energy from the Waters, Currents and Winds......Page 109 Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment......Page 110 Jus Communicationis......Page 111 Artificial Islands, Installations and Structures......Page 112 Rational Conservation and Optimum Utilization of Fisheries......Page 113 Rights of Land-Locked and Geographically Disadvantaged States (GDS)......Page 114 Evolution......Page 115 Definition of the Outer Limit......Page 116 Coastal State's Rights......Page 118 Superjacent Waters and Air Space......Page 120 Tunnelling......Page 121 Relevant Jurisprudence......Page 122 Truman Proclamation......Page 135 Equidistant (Median) Line/Special (Relevant) Circumstances......Page 136 1982 LOSC, Article 15......Page 138 1982 LOSC, Articles 74(1)/83(1)......Page 139 1982 LOSC, Articles 74(4)/83(4)......Page 140 Single Boundary Line......Page 141 Economic Factors......Page 142 Islands......Page 146 Security Factors......Page 148 Navigational Factors......Page 149 Environmental Factors......Page 150 Proportionality......Page 151 Thalweg Principle/Lakes and Rivers......Page 152 Sector Principle/Arctic and Antarctic......Page 153 Relevant Jurisprudence......Page 165 Nature of a High-Tide Elevation......Page 166 Rocks which Cannot Sustain Human Habitation or Economic Life of their Own......Page 167 Sovereignty over Island Territory......Page 170 Islands in Lakes and Rivers......Page 173 Freedom of the High Seas......Page 176 Nationality of Ships – Genuine Link......Page 178 Status of Ships/Criminal Jurisdiction......Page 183 Definition of Ships......Page 185 Salvage/Assistance......Page 186 Piracy......Page 187 Unauthorized Broadcasting......Page 188 Hot Pursuit......Page 189 Relevant Jurisprudence......Page 192 High Seas Fisheries......Page 198 Straddling/Highly Migratory Stocks......Page 199 Enclosed or Semi-Enclosed Seas......Page 212 Right of Access of Land-Locked States to and from the Sea and Freedom of Transit......Page 213 Overflight......Page 215 Obligation to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment......Page 217 Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas......Page 219 Environmental Impact Assessment/Notification/Consultation......Page 220 Pollution from Seabed Activities......Page 222 Pollution from Vessels......Page 223 Ice-Covered Areas......Page 224 Precautionary Approach......Page 225 Erga Omnes Rights and Obligations......Page 226 Use of Force in Enforcement at Sea......Page 236 Development of Marine Scientific Research......Page 237 High Seas Freedom of Scientific Research......Page 238 Transfer of Marine Technology......Page 239 UN Seabed Committee......Page 240 Obligation to Settle Disputes by Peaceful Means......Page 241 1982 LOSC, Article 281 (Self-Contained Settlement Clauses)......Page 247 Choice of Procedure......Page 248 Provisional Measures......Page 249 Intervention......Page 252 Interpretation or Application......Page 254 Prompt Release of Vessels and Crews......Page 255 Exhaustion of Local Remedies......Page 256 Automatic Exemption of Fishery Disputes......Page 257 Maritime Boundary Delimitation Disputes......Page 258 Involvement of the UN Security Council......Page 259 1982 LOSC, Article 287(1)(d) and Annex VIII......Page 262 Good Faith and Abuse of Rights......Page 263 Prohibition of Threat or Use of Force......Page 264 Nuclear (Atmospheric and Underground) Weapon Tests......Page 266 Maritime Terrorism......Page 270 Archaeological and Historical Objects......Page 274 Relevant Jurisprudence......Page 275 Equitable Sharing of International Waterways......Page 277 ITLOS......Page 279 Signature, Ratification and Accession......Page 280 Reservations and Declarations......Page 281 Amendment and Revision......Page 282 Participation by International Organizations......Page 283 Relation to Other Conventions......Page 286 This publication provides a reference guide to the contribution made by decisions of the World Court, as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and the world's most senior court with the broadest material jurisdiction, to the development of the law of the sea as a part of the global system of peace and security. The guide is dedicated to the Court's former President Stephen M. Schwebel in appreciation of his belief that it is important for the Court to further explore its pre-eminently unique role throughout the third millennium.; Whereas the format of specific entries covered by this reference guide largely corresponds to the Parts and Annexes of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) and the 1994 Part XI Agreement, the heading of each entry also contains, as appropriate, references to other global instruments. The entries cover principally judgments and orders (including the related pleadings) of the PCIJ and the ICJ and those decisions of Arbitral Tribunals and other third-party fora as well as national courts which have been relied upon in the Court's jurisprudence. In addition, the decisions of the ITLOS and some other fora, as well as references to treaties are also listed under specific entries as appropriate