Decarbonize Public and Commercial Buildings : China Building Energy and Emission Yearbook 2022

One of the key motivations and goals for China's social and economic development is the dual carbon target. Building is one of the most important sectors to reduce emissions and save energy, accounting for more than 20% of China's primary energy consumption and carbon emissions. This book analyzes the energy consumption of China's buildings sector in four categories, their characteristics and technologies to improve energy efficiency, and examines the greenhouse gas emissions of China's buildings, including building construction embodied emission and building operation emissions. In particular, this book discusses the ways to achieve carbon neutrality targets for China's public and commercial building sectors. This book also analyzes the energy mix, energy intensity, and technological prospects for achieving energy and carbon targets in the public and commercial building sectors. This book contains a large amount of survey data, monitoring data, and case studies. The debate on technologies and policies is underpinned by a variety of evidence and research that has been ongoing for more than a decade. The information, data, and policy recommendations will be of interest to a national and international audience working in the fields of energy, climate change, engineering, and building science. Preface 5 Acknowledgement 7 Building Energy Research Center of Tsinghua University 8 Executive Summary 9 Contents 11 List of Figures 13 List of Tables 18 1 Introduction 19 2 China’s Building Energy Use and GHG Emissions 21 2.1 Basic Situation of China’s Building Sector 21 2.1.1 Urban and Rural Demographic 21 2.1.2 Building Stock 22 2.2 Energy Consumption of China’s Building Sector 24 2.2.1 Building Operation Energy Consumption 26 2.2.2 Embodied Energy of Building Sector 35 2.3 GHG Emissions of China’s Building Sector 39 2.3.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Building Operation Energy Consumption 40 2.3.2 Embodied CO2 Emission of Building Sector 44 2.3.3 Non-CO2 GHG Emissions in the Building Sector 47 2.4 Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions in the Global Building Sector 51 2.4.1 Energy Consumption by Global Building Operation 51 2.4.2 Boundaries and Comparative Study Methods of Building Energy Consumption and Emissions 53 2.4.3 Global Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions in the Building Sector 56 3 Energy and Emissions of Public and Commercial Buildings 62 3.1 Trends in the Development of Public and Commercial Building Stock and Type 62 3.2 Characteristics and Development Trend of the Energy Consumption of Public and Commercial Buildings 65 3.2.1 Changes in Key Fields of Public and Commercial Building Energy Saving During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period 66 3.2.2 Characteristics of Changes in Energy Use Intensity of Main Types of P&C Buildings 69 3.2.3 Changes in the “Bimodal Distribution” Characteristics of Energy Use Intensity of P&C Buildings 76 4 Decarbonize Public and Commercial Buildings 79 4.1 Role of Public Buildings in Achievement of the “Dual Carbon” Goals 79 4.2 Are Public Buildings Still Need to Be Energy-Saving in Addition to Low-Carbon? 88 4.3 CO2 Concentration and Ventilation for Epidemic Prevention 94 4.4 Further Understanding on the Contribution of Public Building Energy Systems to the “Dual Carbon” Goals 106 4.5 Further Understanding of District Energy Systems Oriented Toward the “Dual Carbon” Goals 113