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Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. A Fully-Updated, No-Nonsense Guide to Electronics Advance your electronics knowledge and gain the skills necessary to develop and construct your own functioning gadgets. Written by a pair of experienced engineers and dedicated hobbyists, Practical Electronics for Inventors, Fourth Edition, lays out the essentials and provides step-by-step instructions, schematics, and illustrations. Discover how to select the right components, design and build circuits, use microcontrollers and ICs, work with the latest software tools, and test and tweak your creations. This easy-to-follow book features new instruction on programmable logic, semiconductors, operational amplifiers, voltage regulators, power supplies, digital electronics, and more. Practical Electronics for Inventors, Fourth Edition, covers: Resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers Diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits Optoelectronics, solar cells, and phototransistors Sensors, GPS modules, and touch screens Op amps, regulators, and power supplies Digital electronics, LCD displays, and logic gates Microcontrollers and prototyping platforms Combinational and sequential programmable logic DC motors, RC servos, and stepper motors Microphones, audio amps, and speakers Modular electronics and prototypes Cover Page 1 Halftitle Page 6 About the Authors 7 Title Page 8 Copyright Page 9 Contents 10 Preface 24 Acknowledgments 26 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Electronics 30 CHAPTER 2 Theory 34 2.1 Theory of Electronics 34 2.2 Electric Current 35 2.2.1 Currents in Perspective 38 2.3 Voltage 38 2.3.1 The Mechanisms of Voltage 40 2.3.2 Definition of Volt and Generalized Power Law 43 2.3.3 Combining Batteries 44 2.3.4 Other Voltage Sources 45 2.3.5 Water Analogies 46 2.4 A Microscopic View of Conduction (for Those Who Are Interested) 47 2.4.1 Applying a Voltage 50 2.5 Resistance, Resistivity, Conductivity 52 2.5.1 How the Shape of a Conductor Affects Resistance 53 2.5.2 Resistivity and Conductivity 54 2.6 Insulators, Conductors, and Semiconductors 57 2.7 Heat and Power 60 2.8 Thermal Heat Conduction and Thermal Resistance 63 2.8.1 Importance of Heat Production 66 2.9 Wire Gauges 68 2.10 Grounds 69 2.10.1 Earth Ground 71 2.10.2 Different Types of Ground Symbols 74 2.10.3 Loose Ends on Grounding 76 2.11 Electric Circuits 78 2.12 Ohm’s Law and Resistors 79 2.12.1 Resistor Power Ratings 80 2.12.2 Resistors in Parallel 81 2.12.3 Resistors in Series 84 2.12.4 Reducing a Complex Resistor Network 87 2.12.5 Multiple Voltage Dividers 90 2.13 Voltage and Current Sources 91 2.14 Measuring Voltage, Current, and Resistance 94 2.15 Combining Batteries 96 2.16 Open and Short Circuits 97 2.17 Kirchhoff’s Laws 98 2.18 Superposition Theorem 103 2.19 Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 105 2.19.1 Thevenin’s Theorem 105 2.19.2 Norton’s Theorem 106 2.20 AC Circuits 109 2.20.1 Generating AC 110 2.20.2 Water Analogy of AC 111 2.20.3 Pulsating DC 111 2.20.4 Combining Sinusoidal Sources 112 2.20.5 AC Waveforms 113 2.20.6 Describing an AC Waveform 113 2.20.7 Frequency and Period 114 2.20.8 Phase 115 2.21 AC and Resistors, RMS Voltage, and Current 116 2.22 Mains Power 121 2.23 Capacitors 123 2.23.1 Determining Capacitance 126 2.23.2 Commercial Capacitors 128 2.23.3 Voltage Rating and Dielectric Breakdown 128 2.23.4 Maxwell’s Displacement Current 129 2.23.5 Charge-Based Model of Current Through a Capacitor 131 2.23.6 Capacitor Water Analogy 133 2.23.7 Energy in a Capacitor 134 2.23.8 RC Time Constant 134 2.23.9 Stray Capacitance 137 2.23.10 Capacitors in Parallel 137 2.23.11 Capacitors in Series 138 2.23.12 Alternating Current in a Capacitor 139 2.23.13 Capacitive Reactance 140 2.23.14 Capacitive Divider 142 2.23.15 Quality Factor 142 2.24 Inductors 142 2.24.1 Electromagnetism 143 2.24.2 Magnetic Fields and Their Influence 146 2.24.3 Self-Inductance 149 2.24.4 Inductors 150 2.24.5 Inductor Water Analogy 156 2.24.6 Inductor Equations 157 2.24.7 Energy Within an Inductor 162 2.24.8 Inductor Cores 162 2.24.9 Understanding the Inductor Equations 167 2.24.10 Energizing RL Circuit 171 2.24.11 Deenergizing RL Circuit 173 2.24.12 Voltage Spikes Due to Switching 176 2.24.13 Straight-Wire Inductance 176 2.24.14 Mutual Inductance and Magnetic Coupling 177 2.24.15 Unwanted Coupling: Spikes, Lightning, and Other Pulses 178 2.24.16 Inductors in Series and Parallel 178 2.24.17 Alternating Current and Inductors 179 2.24.18 Inductive Reactance 180 2.24.19 Nonideal Inductor Model 182 2.24.20 Quality Factor 183 2.24.21 Inductor Applications 184 2.25 Modeling Complex Circuits 184 2.26 Complex Numbers 188 2.27 Circuit with Sinusoidal Sources 193 2.27.1 Analyzing Sinusoidal Circuits with Complex Impedances 194 2.27.2 Sinusoidal Voltage Source in Complex Notation 196 2.27.3 Odd Phenomena in Reactive Circuits 204 2.28 Power in AC Circuits (Apparent Power, Real Power, Reactive Power) 205 2.28.1 Power Factor 207 2.29 Thevenin’s Theorem in AC Form 215 2.30 Resonant Circuits 217 2.30.1 Resonance in RLC Circuits 220 2.30.2 Q (Quality Factor) and Bandwidth 222 2.30.3 Bandwidth 223 2.30.4 Voltage Drop Across Components in RLC Resonant Circuit 224 2.30.5 Capacitor Losses 224 2.30.6 Parallel-Resonant Circuits 225 2.30.7 The Q of Loaded Circuits 231 2.31 Lecture on Decibels 233 2.31.1 Alternative Decibel Representations 236 2.32 Input and Output Impedance 236 2.32.1 Input Impedance 236 2.32.2 Output Impedance 237 2.33 Two-Port Networks and Filters 239 2.33.1 Filters 239 2.33.2 Attenuators 250 2.34 Transient Circuits 252 2.34.1 Series RLC Circuit 260 2.35 Circuits with Periodic Nonsinusoidal Sources 264 2.35.1 Fourier Series 265 2.36 Nonperiodic Sources 272 2.37 SPICE 274 2.37.1 How SPICE Works 275 2.37.2 Limitations of SPICE and Other Simulators 278 2.37.3 A Simple Simulation Example 278 CHAPTER 3 Basic Electronic Circuit Components 282 3.1 Wires, Cables, and Connectors 282 3.1.1 Wires 282 3.1.2 Cables 285 3.1.3 Connectors 285 3.1.4 Wiring and Connector Symbols 290 3.1.5 High-Frequency Effects Within Wires and Cables 291 3.2 Batteries 300 3.2.1 How a Cell Works 301 3.2.2 Primary Batteries 303 3.2.3 Comparing Primary Batteries 304 3.2.4 Secondary Batteries 308 3.2.5 Battery Capacity 316 3.2.6 Note on Internal Voltage Drop of a Battery 318 3.3 Switches 319 3.3.1 How a Switch Works 320 3.3.2 Describing a Switch 320 3.3.3 Kinds of Switches 321 3.3.4 Simple Switch Applications 323 3.4 Relays 324 3.4.1 Specific Kinds of Relays 326 3.4.2 A Few Notes about Relays 327 3.4.3 Some Simple Relay Circuits 328 3.5 Resistors 328 3.5.1 Resistance and Ohm’s Law 330 3.5.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel 331 3.5.3 Reading Resistor Labels 333 3.5.4 Real Resistor Characteristics 335 3.5.5 Types of Resistors 343 3.5.6 Variable Resistors (Rheostats, Potentiometers, Trimmers) 349 3.5.7 Potentiometer Characteristics 351 3.6 Capacitors 353 3.6.1 Capacitance 355 3.6.2 Capacitors in Parallel 355 3.6.3 Capacitors in Series 356 3.6.4 RC Time Constant 356 3.6.5 Capacitive Reactance 357 3.6.6 Real Capacitors 358 3.6.7 Capacitor Specifications 358 3.6.8 Types of Capacitors 362 3.6.9 Capacitor Applications 370 3.6.10 Timing and Sample and Hold 376 3.6.11 RC Ripple Filter 377 3.6.12 Arc Suppression 379 3.6.13 Supercapacitor Applications 381 3.6.14 Problems 381 3.7 Inductors 384 3.7.1 Inductance 386 3.7.2 Constructing Inductors 386 3.7.3 Inductors in Series and Parallel 386 3.7.4 RL Time Constant 388 3.7.5 Inductive Reactance 389 3.7.6 Real Inductors 390 3.7.7 Inductor Specifications 390 3.7.8 Types of Inductors 392 3.7.9 Reading Inductor Labels 396 3.7.10 Inductor Applications 398 3.7.11 EMI/EMC Design Tips 402 3.8 Transformers 403 3.8.1 Basic Operations 403 3.8.2 Transformer Construction 414 3.8.3 Autotransformers and Variable Transformers 416 3.8.4 Circuit Isolation and the Isolation Transformer 418 3.8.5 Various Standard and Specialized Transformers 419 3.8.6 Transformer Applications 421 3.9 Fuses and Circuit Breakers 426 3.9.1 Types of Fuses and Circuit Breakers 427 CHAPTER 4 Semiconductors 430 4.1 Semiconductor Technology 430 4.1.1 What Is a Semiconductor? 430 4.1.2 Applications of Silicon 435 4.2 Diodes 436 4.2.1 How p-n Junction Diodes Work 436 4.2.2 Diode Water Analogy 438 4.2.3 Kinds of Rectifiers/Diodes 438 4.2.4 Practical Considerations 440 4.2.5 Diode/Rectifier Applications 441 4.2.6 Zener Diodes 449 4.2.7 Zener Diode Applications 452 4.2.8 Varactor Diodes (Variable Capacitance Diodes) 453 4.2.9 PIN Diodes 455 4.2.10 Microwave Diodes (IMPATT, Gunn, Tunnel, etc.) 455 4.2.11 Problems 456 4.3 Transistors 458 4.3.1 Introduction to Transistors 458 4.3.2 Bipolar Transistors 459 4.3.3 Junction Field-Effect Transistors 478 4.3.4 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Transistors 488 4.3.5 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) 497 4.3.6 Unijunction Transistors 497 4.4 Thyristors 501 4.4.1 Introduction 501 4.4.2 Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers 502 4.4.3 Silicon-Controlled Switches 505 4.4.4 Triacs 506 4.4.5 Four-Layer Diodes and Diacs 509 4.5 Transient Voltage Suppressors 510 4.5.1 Lecture on Transients 511 4.5.2 Devices Used to Suppress Transients 512 4.6 Integrated Circuits 520 4.6.1 IC Packages 521 CHAPTER 5 Optoelectronics 524 5.1 A Little Lecture on Photons 524 5.2 Lamps 526 5.3 Light-Emitting Diodes 528 5.3.1 How an LED Works 529 5.3.2 Kinds of LEDs 530 5.3.3 More on LEDs 531 5.3.4 LED Applications 534 5.3.5 Laser Diodes 535 5.4 Photoresistors 541 5.4.1 How a Photoresistor Works 541 5.4.2 Technical Stuff 542 5.4.3 Applications 542 5.5 Photodiodes 543 5.5.1 How a Photodiode Works 543 5.5.2 Basic Operations 544 5.5.3 Kinds of Photodiodes 544 5.6 Solar Cells 545 5.6.1 Basic Operations 546 5.7 Phototransistors 546 5.7.1 How a Phototransistor Works 547 5.7.2 Basic Configurations 547 5.7.3 Kinds of Phototransistors 548 5.7.4 Technical Stuff 548 5.7.5 Applications 549 5.8 Photothyristors 550 5.8.1 How LASCRs Work 550 5.8.2 Basic Operation 550 5.9 Optoisolators 551 5.9.1 Integrated Optoisolators 551 5.9.2 Applications 552 5.10 Optical Fiber 553 CHAPTER 6 Sensors 554 6.1 General Principals 554 6.1.1 Precision, Accuracy, and Resolution 554 6.1.2 The Observer Effect 555 6.1.3 Calibration 555 6.2 Temperature 557 6.2.1 Thermistors 558 6.2.2 Thermocouples 560 6.2.3 Resistive Temperature Detectors 561 6.2.4 Analog Output Thermometer ICs 561 6.2.5 Digital Thermometer ICs 562 6.2.6 Infrared Thermometers/Pyrometers 563 6.2.7 Summary 563 6.3 Proximity and Touch 564 6.3.1 Touch Screens 564 6.3.2 Ultrasonic Distance 565 6.3.3 Optical Distance 566 6.3.4 Capacitive Sensors 568 6.3.5 Summary 568 6.4 Movement, Force, and Pressure 569 6.4.1 Passive Infrared 569 6.4.2 Acceleration 570 6.4.3 Rotation 571 6.4.4 Flow 572 6.4.5 Force 573 6.4.6 Tilt 574 6.4.7 Vibration and Mechanical Shock 574 6.4.8 Pressure 574 6.5 Chemical 575 6.5.1 Smoke 575 6.5.2 Gas 575 6.5.3 Humidity 576 6.6 Light, Radiation, Magnetism, and Sound 576 6.6.1 Light 576 6.6.2 Ionizing Radiation 576 6.6.3 Magnetic Fields 577 6.6.4 Sound 578 6.7 GPS 578 CHAPTER 7 Hands-on Electronics 580 7.1 Safety 580 7.1.1 Lecture on Safety 580 7.1.2 Damaging Components with Electrostatic Discharge 584 7.1.3 Component Handling Precautions 584 7.2 Constructing Circuits 585 7.2.1 Drawing a Circuit Schematic 585 7.2.2 A Note on Circuit Simulator Programs 587 7.2.3 Making a Prototype of Your Circuit 587 7.2.4 The Final Circuit 588 7.2.5 Making a PCB 591 7.2.6 Special Pieces of Hardware Used in Circuit Construction 596 7.2.7 Soldering 597 7.2.8 Desoldering 598 7.2.9 Enclosing the Circuit 598 7.2.10 Useful Items to Keep Handy 599 7.2.11 Troubleshooting the Circuits You Build 599 7.3 Multimeters 600 7.3.1 Basic Operation 601 7.3.2 How Analog VOMs Work 602 7.3.3 How Digital Multimeters Work 603 7.3.4 A Note on Measurement Errors 603 7.4 Oscilloscopes 604 7.4.1 How Scopes Work 605 7.4.2 Interior Circuitry of a Scope 607 7.4.3 Aiming the Beam 608 7.4.4 Scope Usage 609 7.4.5 What All the Little Knobs and Switches Do 610 7.4.6 Measuring Things with Scopes 615 7.4.7 Scope Applications 619 7.4.8 Measuring Impedances 621 7.5 The Electronics Laboratory 623 7.5.1 Work Area 623 7.5.2 Test Equipment 624 7.5.3 Multimeters 625 7.5.4 DC Power Supplies 626 7.5.5 Oscilloscope 627 7.5.6 Oscilloscope Probes 629 7.5.7 General-Purpose Function Generator 636 7.5.8 Frequency Counter 637 7.5.9 Computer 637 7.5.10 Miscellaneous Test Equipment 638 7.5.11 Multifunction PC Instruments 639 7.5.12 Isolation Transformers 640 7.5.13 Variable Transformers, or Variacs 642 7.5.14 Substitution Boxes 643 7.5.15 Test Cables, Connectors, and Adapters 645 7.5.16 Soldering Equipment 647 7.5.17 Prototyping Boards 650 7.5.18 Hand Tools 651 7.5.19 Wires, Cables, Hardware, and Chemicals 653 7.5.20 Electronics Catalogs 655 7.5.21 Recommended Electronics Parts 656 7.5.22 Electronic CAD Programs 659 7.5.23 Building Your Own Workbench 660 CHAPTER 8 Operational Amplifiers 664 8.1 Operational Amplifier Water Analogy 665 8.2 How Op Amps Work (The “Cop-Out” Explanation) 666 8.3 Theory 667 8.4 Negative Feedback 668 8.5 Positive Feedback 673 8.6 Real Kinds of Op Amps 674 8.7 Op Amp Specifications 676 8.8 Powering Op Amps 678 8.9 Some Practical Notes 679 8.10 Voltage and Current Offset Compensation 680 8.11 Frequency Compensation 681 8.12 Comparators 681 8.13 Comparators with Hysteresis 683 8.13.1 Inverting Comparator with Hysteresis 683 8.13.2 Noninverting Comparator with Hysteresis 684 8.14 Using Single-Supply Comparators 685 8.15 Window Comparator 685 8.16 Voltage-Level Indicator 686 8.17 Instrumentation Amplifiers 686 8.18 Applications 687 CHAPTER 9 Filters 692 9.1 Things to Know Before You Start Designing Filters 693 9.2 Basic Filters 694 9.3 Passive Low-Pass Filter Design 695 9.4 A Note on Filter Types 699 9.5 Passive High-Pass Filter Design 699 9.6 Passive Bandpass Filter Design 701 9.7 Passive Notch Filter Design 703 9.8 Active Filter Design 704 9.8.1 Active Low-Pass Filter Example 705 9.8.2 Active High-Pass Filter Example 706 9.8.3 Active Bandpass Filters 707 9.8.4 Active Notch Filters 709 9.9 Integrated Filter Circuits 710 CHAPTER 10 Oscillators and Timers 712 10.1 RC Relaxation Oscillators 713 10.2 The 555 Timer IC 715 10.2.1 How a 555 Works (Astable Operation) 716 10.2.2 Basic Astable Operation 717 10.2.3 How a 555 Works (Monostable Operation) 718 10.2.4 Basic Monostable Operation 719 10.2.5 Some Important Notes about 555 Timers 719 10.2.6 Simple 555 Applications 720 10.3 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 721 10.4 Wien-Bridge and Twin-T Oscillators 722 10.5 LC Oscillators (Sinusoidal Oscillators) 722 10.6 Crystal Oscillators 725 10.7 Microcontroller Oscillators 727 CHAPTER 11 Voltage Regulators and Power Supplies 728 11.1 Voltage-Regulator ICs 730 11.1.1 Fixed-Regulator ICs 730 11.1.2 Adjustable-Regulator ICs 731 11.1.3 Regulator Specifications 731 11.2 A Quick Look at a Few Regulator Applications 731 11.3 The Transformer 732 11.4 Rectifier Packages 732 11.5 A Few Simple Power Supplies 733 11.6 Technical Points about Ripple Reduction 736 11.7 Loose Ends 738 11.8 Switching Regulator Supplies (Switchers) 739 11.9 Switch-Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) 742 11.10 Kinds of Commercial Power Supply Packages 743 11.11 Power Supply Construction 745 CHAPTER 12 Digital Electronics 746 12.1 The Basics of Digital Electronics 746 12.1.1 Digital Logic States 746 12.1.2 Number Codes Used in Digital Electronics 747 12.1.3 Clock Timing and Parallel versus Serial Transmission 754 12.2 Logic Gates 755 12.2.1 Multiple-Input Logic Gates 756 12.2.2 Digital Logic Gate ICs 756 12.2.3 Applications for a Single Logic Gate 757 12.2.4 Combinational Logic 759 12.2.5 Keeping Circuits Simple (Karnaugh Maps) 767 12.3 Combinational Devices 769 12.3.1 Multiplexers (Data Selectors) and Bilateral Switches 770 12.3.2 Demultiplexers (Data Distributors) and Decoders 772 12.3.3 Encoders and Code Converters 775 12.3.4 Binary Adders 778 12.3.5 Binary Adder/Subtractor 780 12.3.6 Comparators and Magnitude Comparator ICs 780 12.3.7 A Note on Obsolescence and the Trend Toward Microcontroller Control 781 12.4 Logic Families 782 12.4.1 CMOS Family of ICs 783 12.4.2 I/O Voltages and Noise Margins 784 12.4.3 Current Ratings, Fanout, and Propagation Delays 785 12.5 Powering and Testing Logic ICs 785 12.5.1 Power Supply Decoupling 785 12.5.2 Unused Inputs 786 12.5.3 Logic Probes and Logic Pulsers 786 12.6 Sequential Logic 787 12.6.1 SR Flip-Flops 788 12.6.2 SR Flip-Flop ICs 792 12.6.3 D-Type Flip-Flops 793 12.6.4 Quad and Octal D Flip-Flops 797 12.6.5 JK Flip-Flops 798 12.6.6 Practical Timing Considerations with Flip-Flops 802 12.6.7 Digital Clock Generators and Single-Pulse Generators 803 12.6.8 Automatic Power-Up Clear (Reset) Circuits 806 12.6.9 Pullup and Pulldown Resistors 808 12.7 Counter ICs 809 12.7.1 Asynchronous Counter (Ripple Counter) ICs 809 12.7.2 Synchronous Counter ICs 811 12.7.3 A Note on Counters with Displays 816 12.8 Shift Registers 818 12.8.1 Serial-In/Serial-Out Shift Registers 818 12.8.2 Serial-In/Parallel-Out Shift Registers 819 12.8.3 Parallel-In/Serial-Out Shift Registers 819 12.8.4 Ring Counter (Shift Register Sequencer) 820 12.8.5 Johnson Shift Counter 820 12.8.6 Shift Register ICs 821 12.8.7 Simple Shift Register Applications 825 12.9 Analog/Digital Interfacing 828 12.9.1 Triggering Simple Logic Responses from Analog Signals 828 12.9.2 Using Logic to Drive External Loads 829 12.9.3 Analog Switches 831 12.9.4 Analog Multiplexer/Demultiplexer 831 12.9.5 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion 832 12.9.6 Analog-to-Digital Converters 840 12.10 Displays 842 12.10.1 LED Displays 842 12.10.2 Liquid-Crystal Displays 844 12.11 Memory Devices 857 12.11.1 Read-Only Memory 858 12.11.2 Simple ROM Made Using Diodes 859 12.11.3 Memory Size and Organization 859 12.11.4 Simple Programmable ROM 860 12.11.5 ROM Devices 861 12.11.6 RAM 865 CHAPTER 13 Microcontrollers 872 13.1 Basic Structure of a Microcontroller 873 13.2 Example Microcontrollers 873 13.2.1 The ATtiny85 Microcontroller 874 13.2.2 The PIC16Cx Microcontrollers 878 13.2.3 32-Bit Microcontrollers 891 13.2.4 Digital Signal Processing 891 13.3 Evaluation/Development Boards 892 13.4 Arduino 893 13.4.1 A Tour of Arduino 893 13.4.2 The Arduino IDE 894 13.4.3 Arduino Board Models 894 13.4.4 Shields 895 13.4.5 The Arduino C Library 897 13.4.6 Arduino Example Project 899 13.4.7 Taking the Arduino Offboard 901 13.5 Interfacing with Microcontrollers 903 13.5.1 Switches 903 13.5.2 Analog Inputs 907 13.5.3 High-Power Digital Outputs 908 13.5.4 Sound Interfaces 912 13.5.5 Serial Interfaces 913 13.5.6 Level Conversion 921 13.5.7 LED Display Interfaces 921 CHAPTER 14 Programmable Logic 926 14.1 Programmable Logic 927 14.2 FPGAs 928 14.3 ISE and the Elbert V2 929 14.3.1 Installing ISE 930 14.4 The Elbert 2 Board 930 14.4.1 Installing the Elbert Software 931 14.5 Downloads 932 14.6 Drawing Your FPGA Logic Design 932 14.6.1 Example 1: A Data Selector 932 14.6.2 Example 2: A 4-bit Ripple Counter 941 14.7 Verilog 943 14.7.1 Modules 944 14.7.2 Wires, Registers, and Busses 944 14.7.3 Parallel Execution 944 14.7.4 Number Format 944 14.8 Describing Your FPGA Design in Verilog 945 14.8.1 A Data Selector in Verilog 945 14.8.2 A Ripple Counter in Verilog 948 14.9 Modular Design 949 14.9.1 Counter/Decoder Example 950 14.9.2 Multiplexed 7-Segment Counter Example 953 14.9.3 Parameterized Modules 957 14.10 Simulation 957 14.11 VHDL 960 CHAPTER 15 Motors 962 15.1 DC Continuous Motors 962 15.2 Speed Control of DC Motors 963 15.3 Directional Control of DC Motors 964 15.4 RC Servos 965 15.5 Stepper Motors 967 15.6 Kinds of Stepper Motors 968 15.7 Driving Stepper Motors 970 15.8 Controlling the Driver with a Translator 972 15.9 A Final Word on Identifying Stepper Motors 974 CHAPTER 16 Audio Electronics 976 16.1 A Little Lecture on Sound 976 16.2 Microphones 978 16.3 Microphone Specifications 979 16.4 Audio Amplifiers 980 16.4.1 Inverting Amplifier 980 16.4.2 Noninverting Amplifier 981 16.4.3 Digital Amplifiers 981 16.4.4 Reducing Hum in Audio Amplifiers 983 16.5 Preamplifiers 983 16.6 Mixer Circuits 984 16.7 A Note on Impedance Matching 984 16.8 Speakers 985 16.9 Crossover Networks 986 16.10 Simple ICs Used to Drive Speakers 988 16.11 Audible-Signal Devices 989 16.12 Miscellaneous Audio Circuits 989 CHAPTER 17 Modular Electronics 992 17.1 There’s an IC for It 992 17.2 Breakout Boards and Modules 992 17.2.1 Radio Frequency Modules 993 17.2.2 Audio Modules 996 17.3 Plug-and-Play Prototyping 997 17.4 Open Source Hardware 999 APPENDIX A Power Distribution and Home Wiring 1002 A.1 Power Distribution 1002 A.2 A Closer Look at Three-Phase Electricity 1003 A.3 Home Wiring 1005 A.4 Electricity in Other Countries 1006 APPENDIX B Error Analysis 1008 B.1 Absolute Error, Relative Error, and Percent Error 1008 B.2 Uncertainty Estimates 1009 APPENDIX C Useful Facts and Formulas 1012 C.1 Greek Alphabet 1012 C.2 Powers of 10 Unit Prefixes 1012 C.3 Linear Functions (y = mx + b) 1012 C.4 Quadratic Equation (y = ax2 + bx + c) 1013 C.5 Exponents and Logarithms 1013 C.6 Trigonometry 1013 C.7 Complex Numbers 1014 C.8 Differential Calculus 1014 C.9 Integral Calculus 1016 Index 1018 Spark your creativity and gain the electronics skills required to transform your innovative ideas into functioning gadgets. This hands-on, updated guide outlines electrical principles and provides thorough, easy-to-follow instructions, schematics, and illustrations. Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.A Fully-Updated, No-Nonsense Guide to ElectronicsAdvance your electronics knowledge and gain the skills necessary to develop and construct your own functioning gadgets. Written by a pair of experienced engineers and dedicated hobbyists, Practical Electronics for Inventors, Fourth Edition, lays out the essentials and provides step-by-step instructions, schematics, and illustrations. Discover how to select the right components, design and build circuits, use microcontrollers and ICs, work with the latest software tools, and test and tweak your creations. This easy-to-follow book features new instruction on programmable logic, semiconductors, operational amplifiers, voltage regulators, power supplies, digital electronics, and more. Practical Electronics for Inventors, Fourth Edition, covers:Resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers Diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits Optoelectronics, solar cells, and phototransistors Sensors, GPS modules, and touch screens Op amps, regulators, and power supplies Digital electronics, LCD displays, and logic gates Microcontrollers and prototyping platforms Combinational and sequential programmable logic DC motors, RC servos, and stepper motors Microphones, audio amps, and speakers Modular electronics and prototypes Spark Your Creativity And Gain The Electronics Skills Required To Transform Your Innovative Ideas Into Functioning Gadgets. This Hands-on, Updated Guide Outlines Electrical Principles And Provides Thorough, Easy-to-follow Instructions, Schematics, And Illustrations. Find Out How To Select Components, Safely Assemble Circuits, Perform Error Tests, And Build Plug-and-play Prototypes. Introduction To Electronics -- Theory -- Basic Electronic Circuit Components -- Semiconductors -- Optoelectronics -- Sensors -- Hands-on Electronics -- Operational Amplifiers -- Filters -- Oscillators And Timers -- Voltage Regulators And Power Supplies -- Digital Electronics -- Microcontrollers -- Programmable Logic -- Motors -- Audio Electronics -- Modular Electronics -- Appendix A. Power Distribution And Home Wiring -- Appendix B. Error Analysis -- Appendix C. Useful Facts And Formulas. Paul Scherz, Simon Monk. Includes Index. Includes Index.