«de Manibus Valachorum Scismaticorum ... »: Romanians And Power In The Mediaeval Kingdom Of Hungary- The Thirteenth And Fourteenth Centuries (eastern And Central European Studies)

The medieval history of the Romanians in the Hungarian kingdom still represents one of the most delicate subjects in European history. This book is the product of more than thirty years of research, and thus provides new and balanced insights into that history, revealing both the rise and the decline of communities and individuals, as well as the diversity of these borderlands of Christian Europe. The power and authority of the medieval Romanians is a slippery subject, which becomes delicate when the analysis focuses on relations in the Kingdom of Hungary. Therefore the book studies the centuries when the Romanians began to rise from the sources. With them a world, unique in its diversity, rose at the eastern limits of Christendom. Cover Content Introduction 1. How could the mechanism of power in the Middle Ages be understood 2. An explanation: why the Romanians and their country (countries) have two names 3. Between grandeur and decadence: Hungary during the last Árpádian century and the new Angevin century 4. The others and power: ethnicities and religions in mediaeval Hungary and Transylvania (Up until the fourteenth century) 4.1. Preliminaries 4.2. How many Hungarians were there around the year 900 and what were they like? 4.3. The written tradition on the ethnic composition of Pannonia and Transylvania during the pre-Magyar period.The Romanians 4.4. The Romanians as they appear in the sources up until the fourteenth century 4.5. New population groups coming to Hungary during the Árpádian period (the twelfth-thirteenth centuries) 4.6. A general overview of the ethnic groups in Hungary between the ninth and the fourteenth centuries 4.7. “Christians”, “schismatics”, Jews, Muslims and other“pagans”: confessions in Hungary until the beginning of the fourteenth century 4.8. “How faithful and grateful to the Lord he was”: Louis I’s religious policy and its outcomes 4.9. Conclusions 5. “Masters of our own land for a thousandyears”: The ancientness of the Romanians as portrayed by the official documents 6. The Fourth Crusade (1203-1204) or the western method of eradicating the “schism” 6.1. The Holy See’s programme of rebuilding the ecclesiastical unity 6.2. The perception of the action of 1204 in the public Byzantine mentality 6.3. The policy of Innocent III (and his successors): placing the Church of the East under the aegis of the Roman Church 6.4. Why the “schism” had to be eradicated (in InnocentIII’s perspective) 6.5. “The limbs of the Roman Church shall not disobey its custom”: pathways to follow and obstacles to overcome in subjecting the East 6.6. The religious policies in the Eastern regions dominated by the “Latin” crusaders 6.7. The western policy in other states of the Byzantine Commonwealth 6.8. Rome’s policy regarding the Eastern Church and population in the Kingdom of Hungary 6.9. Conclusions 7. The elite of the Romanians in and around Transylvania in the tenth-thirteenth centuries–landowners, fighters and political leaders 7.1. Romanian landowners dispossessed in the thirteenth century 7.2. Romanian militaries in the thirteenth century 7.3. Romanian political leaders in their “lands” (the thirteenthcentury) 7.4. Why did so many Romanians appear in the written records after 1200? 8. Transylvanian (Hungarian) feudalism or suigeneris organisation? 9. Land and power: the official landholding mechanism in the Kingdom of Hungary 10. Knezes and their status as rulers and owners in the Romanian world 10.1. Preliminary considerations 10.2. What does the form of the name knez indicate? 10.3. “In the previous centuries, a kenez was an independent owner and the head of the people under his jurisdiction” 10.4. What did the knezial rule mean, according to the documents of the period? 10.5. The knezes’ subjects or the commoners from the villages 10.6. The Romanians’ (knezes’) consciousness of masters and its manifestations 10.7. “Manly feats of loyalty”: knezes as (military)fighters 10.8. “Let him be tried under the Romanian law”: the knezes’ judicial responsibilities 10.9. “For the forgiveness of Knez Balea’s wrongs” or knezes as the patrons of the Eastern Churches 10.10. The Romanian knezes and their political organisations:the Romanian districts (lands) 11. “Within their true, right and ancient boundaries”: The grounds of the Romanian knezes’ and nobles’ landholding rights 12. “Liberties, uses, services and duties” of the knezes and of knezial villages 13. Power deprivation: Dispossessed knezes and subdued Romanian villages 14. How the Romanians lived with the Hungarians, the Saxons and the Szeklers in the Middle Ages 14.1. Ethnic differences 14.2. The Romanians and the Szeklers 14.3. Foreign enclaves and reactions against them 14.4. Romanians, Cumans, Hungarians and Saxons 15. “Our loyal guests”: The image of the outlanders or foreigners in Transylvania and Hungary 16. Outgoing Romanians, incoming Romanians,or the limits of mediaeval mobility 17. The image of the Romanian countries in the Hungarian consciousness and its impact on the status of the Transylvanian Romanians 17.1. “Our country across the mountains”: the Hungarian political and military policy concerning the Romanian countries 17.2. The dispute over the Land of Hateg between the Romanian voivodes and the Hungarian kings in the thirteenth century 17.3. The formation of the Great-Voivodate of Wallachia and its relations with Hungary 17.4. Basarab’s “dastardly pitfall” (1330) and its Hungarian documentary echoes 17.5. The Romanians’ “vicious habits”: other “rebellions”and “treacheries” reflected in the collective memory 18. “As the Romanians call it, in folk parlance”:The Romanian onomastics and toponymy 19. The Romanians position regarding the Western Church and the position of the Western Church regarding the Romanians 19.1. “In a country without law and order”: the crisis of Western faith and of the Western Church in Hungary at the end of the thirteenth century 19.2. “More than a third of the country had been permeated by the holy custom”, or the proportion of Catholics in Hungary 19.3 “The fallen and decayed state of the said Land of Hungary”: the crisis from the turn of the fourteenth century 19.4. Between death and conversion: absolution froms in for the ancient “Christians” and heavy tithes for the new converts 19.5. “The great stock of Romanians”: the reactions of the “schismatics” in the fourteenth century 19.6. “Broadening the right faith”: successes on the path of the Romanians’ conversion (up until 1366) 19.7. Emperor John V’s journey to Buda (1365-1366)–anoccasion for religious union or for deeper division? 19.8. New “schismatics” led onto “the path of truth”–the increase in Catholic propaganda and action after 1366 19.9. “Crusades” against the “unruly heretics and schismatics” 20. From acceptance to exclusion: Romanians and Transylvania’s estate assemblies in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries 20.1. “To reform the state of the inhabitants”: Transylvania’s estate assembly of 1291 20.2. “All the prelates, barons, noblemen, Szeklers, Saxons,Romanians”, gathered at Turda in 1355 20.3. The solemn royal privilege of 1366: “against the malefactors of every nation, more precisely, the Romanians” 21. The consequences of excluding the “schismatics”, the “knezes” and the “Vlachs”from the estates in the Middle Ages 22. The End Essential Chronology Romanian or Romanian-origin dignitaries(office holders) in Transylvania and Hungary(13th and 14th centuries) Bibliography Sources Historiography How could the mechanism of power in the Middle Ages be understood An explanation: Why the Romanians and their country (countries) have two names Between grandeur and decadence : Hungary during the last Árpádian century and the new Angevin century The others and power : ethnicities and religions in mediaeval Hungary and Transylvania (up until the fourteenth century) "Masters of our own land for a thousand years" : the ancientness of the Romanians as portrayed by the official documents The Fourth Crusade (1203-1204) or the Western method of eradicating the "schism" The elite of the Romanians in and around Transylvania in the tenth-thirteenth centuries : landowners, fighters and political leaders Transylvanian (Hungarian) feudalism or sui-generis organisation? Land and power : the official landholding mechanism in the Kingdom of Hungary Knezes and their status as rulers and owners in the Romanian world ^ "Within their true, right and ancient boundaries" : the grounds of the Romanian knezes' and nobles' landholding rights "Liberties, uses, services and duties" of the knezes and of knezial villages Power deprivation : dispossessed knezes and subdued Romanian villages How the Romanians lived with the Hungarians, the Saxons and the Szeklers in the Middle Ages "Our loyal guests" : the image of the outlanders or foreigners in Transylvania and Hungary Outgoing Romanians, incoming Romanians, or the limits of mediaeval mobility The image of the Romanian countries in the Hungarian consciousness and its impact on the status of the Transylvanian Romanians "As the Romanians call it, in folk parlance" : the Romanian onomastics and toponymy The Romanians position regarding the Western Church and the position of the Western Church regarding the Romanians ^ From acceptance to exclusion : Romanians and Transylvania's estate assemblies in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries The consequences of excluding the "schismatics," the "knezes" and the "Vlachs" from the estates in the Middle Ages The end Essential Chronology Romanian or Romanian-origin dignitaries (office holders) in Transylvania and Hungary (13th and 14th centuries) Historiography.