طلوع عصر فلز: فناوری و جامعه در دوره چالکولیتیک لوانت

The fifth millennium BCE was a period of rapid social change. One of the key factors was the developments in technology which led to the rise of the metals industry. Archaeological finds from sites dating to the Chalcolithic period indicate the production and use of copper. 'Dawn of the Metal Age' examines a range of sites - from copper mines in Jordan and Israel to the villages of the northern Negev where copper was produced in household workshops, to a series of cave burials where a range of luxury metal goods were buried with the elite members of Chalcolithic society. Ancient technology is reconstructed from the archaeological evidence, which also illuminates the changing economic, social, religious and political environment of the time.

By midway through the fifth millennium BCE rapid social change was underway in the southern Levant. One critical dimension of this cultural revolution was a series of profound technological breakthroughs, bringing the dawn of the age of metals.

Archaeologists working in the region have discovered a host of sites dating to the Chalcolithic Period (4700-3500 BCE) with material culture reflecting the production and use of copper. This survey will take the reader from the copper mines of the Aravah in Jordan and Israel where the ore was acquired, to the villages of the northern Negev such as Shiqmim, where copper was produced in household workshops, and the Beer Sheva sites, where several large workshops sprung up, and where a variety of finished copper goods saw limited circulation. We will also explore a series of cave burials, such as the hidden tomb at Nahal Qanah, where a range of sumptuous luxury goods and exotic "imports" including copper scepters and the earliest gold in the region were buried with the elite members of Chalcolithic society.

Thus, in addition to reconstructing ancient technology, the archaeological evidence also affords us the opportunity to study the changing economic, social and political environment of the time. For example, there is early evidence for specialized craftsmanship, the exchange of luxury goods, and far-flung trade relations. The evidence also indicates that some members of society had greater access to certain goods than others, and that some individuals may have harnessed the symbolic power of the new-founded metals industry in order to promote their own political power.

Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title 4 Copyright 5 Dedication 6 Contents 8 List of Figures 10 List of Tables 12 Acknowledgments 14 Preface 18 1 The Dawn of the Metal Age 20 2 Leaving the Neolithic 27 3 The Northern Negev Copper Boom 54 4 Elite Tombs of the Chalcolithic 67 5 Cornets and Copper — A Metallurgical Perspective on Chalcolithic Chronology 90 6 A Model for Specialized Craft Production 116 7 Copper Production at Abu Matar 127 8 The Seduction of the Industry 169 9 Technology and Society 182 10 Production and Social Organization during the Chalcolithic 200 11 Conclusion 210 Bibliography 222 Index 247 Technology and Society During the Levantine Chalcolithic Discussing the dawn of the age of metals, this work takes readers from the copper mines of the Aravah in Jordan and Israel where the ore was acquired, to the villages of the northern Negev such as Shiqmim, where copper was produced in household workshops