تاریخ‌گذاری مقبره‌های مصر باستان (مجموعه باستان‌شناسی آرکئوپرس)

The decorated tombs of the Egyptian Old Kingdom offer detailed knowledge of a society that in all probability was the first nation state in history. Yet scholars continue to find it difficult to access the full potential of this great body of data because so few of the tombs can be dated with sufficient precision to provide a relative chronology for the evidence they offer. The system of dating these monuments presented here builds on the work of previous scholars. In this volume the author explains how the dating method was devised. This required establishing 'life-spans' for 104 criteria, features drawn from tomb iconography. The system is then applied to Memphite and provincial monuments spanning the Fourth to the Sixth Dynasties. The findings are that the more criteria a monument contains, the closer the system can narrow its date, certainly to a particular reign and within a generation in some cases. The final chapter analyses and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the system. The decorated tombs of the Egyptian Old Kingdom offer detailed knowledge of a society that in all probability was the first nation state in history. Yet scholars continue to find it difficult to access the full potential of this great body of data because so few of the tombs can be dated with sufficient precision to provide a relative chronology for the evidence they offer. The system of dating these monuments presented here builds on the work of previous scholars. In this volume the author explains how the dating method was devised. This required establishing ‘life-spans’ for 104 criteria, features drawn from tomb iconography. The system is then applied to Memphite and provincial monuments spanning the Fourth to the Sixth Dynasties. The findings are that the more criteria a monument contains, the closer the system can narrow its date, certainly to a particular reign and within a generation in some cases. The final chapter analyses and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the system. Cover 1 Title page 3 Copyright page 4 Dedication 5 Acknowledhments 7 Contents page 9 Preface 13 Introduction 15 1.1 The need to date private tombs 15 1.2 The proposed dating system 17 1.3 Defining the end of the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period 17 1.3 Defining the end of the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period 18 Stages in the development of the dating system 20 1.6 The dating of provincial tombs 20 Prosopography for Tomb Groups A and B 23 2.1 Data from Giza 23 2.2 Data from Saqqara 24 2.3 Data from tombs of Upper Egypt 25 2.4 The use of personal relationships 26 2.5 Dating for the prosopography 26 2.6 Prosopography (Groups A and B) 28 2.7 Groups A and B officials 58 Establishing Dating Criteria 63 3.1 Dress of the male tomb owner 63 3.2 Adornment of the tomb owner 69 3.3 The ‘animal skin’ garment 71 3.4 Tomb owner at the offering table 73 3.5 Bread and reeds on offering table 76 3.6 Lists and offerings associated with table 78 3.7 Priestly figures performing rites 81 3.8 The offering table 82 3.9 The female figure 82 3.10 The banquet scene 86 3.11 Stools and chairs 88 3.12 Marsh scenes 91 3.13 Figures and desriptions of Criteria 1-104 94 3.14 Tables to establish dating criteria 110 Testing the Criteria 151 4.1 Giza tombs 151 4.2 Saqqara tombs 155 4.3 Provincial tombs 157 4.4 Testing the Criteria 161 CONCLUDING COMMENTS 183 5.1 The validity of the criteria 183 5.2 Reliability of the system 184 5.3 Question of archaizing tombs 184 5.4 Need for more criteria 185 5.5 A time lag between cemeteries? 185 Bibliography 187 Back cover 206 Egypt;,Old,Kingdom;,Tombs;,Dating Egypt,Old Kingdom,Tombs,Dating