Darfur and the Crime of Genocide (Cambridge Studies in Law and Society)

In 2004, the State Department gathered more than a thousand interviews from refugees in Chad that verified Colin Powell's U.N. and congressional testimonies about the Darfur genocide. The survey cost nearly a million dollars to conduct and yet it languished in the archives as the killing continued, claiming hundreds of thousands of murder and rape victims and restricting several million survivors to camps. This book for the first time fully examines that survey and its heartbreaking accounts. It documents the Sudanese government's enlistment of Arab Janjaweed militias in destroying black African communities. The central questions are: Why is the United States so ambivalent to genocide? Why do so many scholars deemphasize racial aspects of genocide? How can the science of criminology advance understanding and protection against genocide? This book gives a vivid firsthand account and voice to the survivors of genocide in Darfur. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Series-title......Page 5 Title......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Contents......Page 9 Glossary......Page 10 List of Characters......Page 15 Prologue: On Our Watch......Page 19 The Mass Graves of Darfur......Page 27 The Genocidal Pattern......Page 30 Legal Elements of Genocide......Page 39 Destroying Group Life in Masteri......Page 40 Crime Scenes of Group Destruction......Page 53 Naming It......Page 57 Where Were the Criminologists?......Page 61 Criminology’s Forgotten Voice......Page 62 Nuremberg and the Postwar Period......Page 69 Postwar Origins of the Sutherland-Glueck Debate......Page 71 White-Collar Crimes and War Crimes......Page 75 Finding the Victims......Page 83 “Complex Humanitarian Emergencies”......Page 89 Critiquing the Health Research Paradigm......Page 93 The Humanitarian Strategic Embrace......Page 96 The Criminology of Kosovo......Page 98 From North to South, from Kosovo to Darfur......Page 101 The Atrocities Documentation Survey......Page 105 Early Findings from the WHO Surveys......Page 109 The Consensus Breaks......Page 111 The Osama Bin Laden Connection......Page 114 State Department’s New View of Death in Darfur......Page 116 Reexamining the Surveys......Page 119 Complementary and Combined Approach......Page 121 A New and Alternative Approach......Page 123 Crime and Diplomacy......Page 126 The Prosecutor’s Brief......Page 131 The Racial Dynamics of Darfur......Page 134 The Racial Dynamics of Contemporary Sudan......Page 139 The Criminal Organization of Collective Action......Page 143 The Differential Social Organization of Genocidal Victimization......Page 145 Racializing Collective Violence in Darfur......Page 147 Hilal’s Place in the Criminal Organization of Genocide......Page 150 Eyewitnesses of Hilal’s Role from the ADS Interviews......Page 153 Musa Hilal and the Specific Role of Race......Page 158 Specific Individual and Collective Racial Intent......Page 161 A Global Day for Action on Darfur......Page 163 Unrolling the Genocide......Page 165 A Collectively Organized Genocide......Page 168 The Destruction of Bendesi......Page 179 From Specific to Collective Intent......Page 184 Racial Difference......Page 187 A Collective Action Theory of Genocide......Page 188 Geo-Referencing and Reclustering the ADS Interviews......Page 195 Quantifying the ADS Refugee Experience......Page 198 The Genocidal State in Action......Page 203 A State-Supported Policy of Rape......Page 208 Killing, Rape, and the Crimes of Genocide......Page 213 The Global North and South......Page 219 The Criminology of Two Hemispheres......Page 221 Street Youth and Street Criminals in Three Cities......Page 223 From North to South......Page 226 Desperation and Defiance in Darfur......Page 230 The Collective Punishment of Families in West Darfur......Page 236 Death, Survival, and Rebellion......Page 238 Before and After the Government Offensives......Page 242 The Streets of the Global Village......Page 243 Epilogue: Collective R2P......Page 245 Appendix: Genocidal Statistics......Page 249 Multilevel Structural Models of Genocide Victimization......Page 252 1. DARFUR CRIME SCENES......Page 263 2. THE CRIME OF CRIMES......Page 264 3. WHILE CRIMINOLOGY SLEPT......Page 267 4. FLIP-FLOPPING ON DARFUR......Page 271 5. EYEWITNESSING GENOCIDE......Page 275 6. THE ROLLING GENOCIDE......Page 279 8. GLOBAL SHADOWS......Page 285 APPENDIX: GENOCIDAL STATISTICS......Page 287 Index......Page 289 Cover 1 Half-title 3 Series-title 5 Title 7 Copyright 8 Contents 9 Glossary 10 List of Characters 15 Prologue: On Our Watch 19 1 Darfur Crime Scenes 27 The Mass Graves of Darfur 27 The Genocidal Pattern 30 Legal Elements of Genocide 39 Legal Elements of Genocide 39 Destroying Group Life in Masteri 40 Crime Scenes of Group Destruction 53 2 The Crime of Crimes 57 Naming It 57 Where Were the Criminologists? 61 Criminology’s Forgotten Voice 62 Nuremberg and the Postwar Period 69 Postwar Origins of the Sutherland-Glueck Debate 71 White-Collar Crimes and War Crimes 75 3 While Criminology Slept 83 Finding the Victims 83 “Complex Humanitarian Emergencies” 89 Critiquing the Health Research Paradigm 93 The Humanitarian Strategic Embrace 96 The Criminology of Kosovo 98 From North to South, from Kosovo to Darfur 101 4 Flip-Flopping on Darfur 105 The Atrocities Documentation Survey 105 Early Findings from the WHO Surveys 109 A Gathering Consensus 111 The Consensus Breaks 111 The Osama Bin Laden Connection 114 State Department’s New View of Death in Darfur 116 Reexamining the Surveys 119 Complementary and Combined Approach 121 A New and Alternative Approach 123 Crime and Diplomacy 126 5 Eyewitnessing Genocide 131 The Prosecutor’s Brief 131 The Racial Dynamics of Darfur 134 The Racial Dynamics of Contemporary Sudan 139 The Criminal Organization of Collective Action 143 The Differential Social Organization of Genocidal Victimization 145 Racializing Collective Violence in Darfur 147 Hilal’s Place in the Criminal Organization of Genocide 150 Eyewitnesses of Hilal’s Role from the ADS Interviews 153 Musa Hilal and the Specific Role of Race 158 Specific Individual and Collective Racial Intent 161 6 The Rolling Genocide 163 A Global Day for Action on Darfur 163 Unrolling the Genocide 165 A Collectively Organized Genocide 168 The Destruction of Bendesi 179 From Specific to Collective Intent 184 7 The Racial Spark 187 Racial Difference 187 A Collective Action Theory of Genocide 188 Geo-Referencing and Reclustering the ADS Interviews 195 Quantifying the ADS Refugee Experience 198 The Genocidal State in Action 203 A State-Supported Policy of Rape 208 Killing, Rape, and the Crimes of Genocide 213 8 Global Shadows 219 The Global North and South 219 The Criminology of Two Hemispheres 221 Street Youth and Street Criminals in Three Cities 223 From North to South 226 Desperation and Defiance in Darfur 230 The Collective Punishment of Families in West Darfur 236 Death, Survival, and Rebellion 238 Before and After the Government Offensives 242 The Streets of the Global Village 243 Epilogue: Collective R2P 245 Appendix: Genocidal Statistics 249 Multilevel Structural Models of Genocide Victimization 252 Notes 263 PROLOGUE 263 1. DARFUR CRIME SCENES 263 2. THE CRIME OF CRIMES 264 3. WHILE CRIMINOLOGY SLEPT 267 4. FLIP-FLOPPING ON DARFUR 271 5. EYEWITNESSING GENOCIDE 275 6. THE ROLLING GENOCIDE 279 8. GLOBAL SHADOWS 285 APPENDIX: GENOCIDAL STATISTICS 287 Index 289 In 2004, the State Department gathered interviews from refugees in Chad that verified Colin Powell's U.N. and congressional testimonies about the Darfur genocide. Examining that survey, this book documents the Sudanese government's enlistment of Arab Janjaweed militias in destroying black African communities Darfur crime scenes The crime of crimes While criminology slept with Heather Schoenfeld Flip flopping darfur with Alberto Palloni and Patricia Parker Eye witnessing genocide The rolling genocide The racial spark Global shadows.