Dangerous Harvest : Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes

(publisher-supplied Data) The Global Drug Trade And Its Associated Violence, Corruption, And Human Suffering Create Global Problems That Include Political And Military Conflicts, Ethnic Minority Human Rights Violations, And Stresses On Economic Development. Drug Production And Eradication Affects The Stability Of Many States, Shaping And Sometimes Distorting Their Foreign Policies. External Demand For Drugs Has Transformed Many Indigenous Cultures From Using Local Agricultural Activity To Being Enmeshed In Complex Global Problems. Dangerous Harvest Presents A Global Overview Of Indigenous Peoples' Relations With Drugs. It Presents Case Studies From Various Cultural Landscapes That Are Involved In Drug Plant Production, Trade, And Use, And Examines Historical Uses Of Illicit Plant Substances. It Continues With Coverage Of Eradication Efforts, And The Environmental Impact Of Drug Plant Production. In Its Final Chapter, It Synthesizes The Major Points Made And Forecasts Future Directions Of Crop Substitution Programs, International Eradication Efforts, And Changes In Indigenous Landscapes. The Book Helps Unveil The Farmer, Not To Glamorize Those Who Grow Drug Plants But To Show The Deep Historical, Cultural, And Economic Ties Between Farmer And Crop. Introduction / Michael K. Steinberg -- Double Agents : Illicit Drugs, Cultural Identities, Indigenous Moral Geographies / Kent Mathewson -- The Stimulus Of Prohibition : A Critical History Of The Global Narcotics Trade / Alfred Mccoy -- Opium And The People Of Laos / Joseph Westermeyer -- Opium Production In Afghanistan And Pakistan / Nigel Allen -- The State And The Ongoing Struggle Over Coca In Bolivia : Legitimacy, Hegemony, And The Exercise Of Power / Harry Sanabria -- The Marijuana Milpa : Agricultural Adaptations In A Post-subsistence Maya Landscape In Southern Belize / Michael K. Steinberg -- Cultural Uses Of The South Texas Peyote Gardens / Clarissa Kimber And Darrel Mcdonald -- Desert Traffic : The Dynamics Of The Drug Trade In Northwestern Mexico / Eric Perramond -- Cannabis In Colonial India : Patterns Of Production, Consumption, And State Intervention In Nineteenth Century South Asia / Jim Mills -- Suppressing Opium And Reforming People : Anti-drug Campaign In Ethnic Communities In The Early People's Republic Of China / Yongming Zhou -- Environmental And Social Consequences Of Coca/cocaine In Peru / Kenneth R. Young -- The Contemporary Use And Environmental Impact Of The Kava Plant, Piper Methysticum Forst. F., In The Tropical Pacific / Mark Mmerlin -- Won't Fade Away : Some Perspectives On The Global Matrix Of Drugs Cultivation And Consumption / Joseph J. Hobbs. Edited By Michael K. Steinberg, Joseph J. Hobbs, And Kent Mathewson. A Duplicate Copy Of This Title Was Part Of The Julio Mario Santo Domingo Collection, But Was Not Retained. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Dangerous Harvest: Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes......Page 0 Copyright Info......Page 4 TOC......Page 5 Contributors......Page 7 Introduction......Page 10 I - Background Issues......Page 16 1 - Drugs, Moral Geographies, And Indigenous Peoples: Some Initial Mappings And Central Issues......Page 18 De.nitions......Page 20 Distributions......Page 22 Drugs—de.nitions And Numbers......Page 23 Drug Use—a Cultural Universal?......Page 25 Drugs And Indigenous Moral Geographies......Page 27 2 - The Stimulus Of Prohibition - A Critical History of the Global Narcotics Trade......Page 31 Free Trade In Opium......Page 40 The Prohibition Regime......Page 46 Cold War Expansion......Page 49 Bilateral Suppression In The 1970s......Page 53 Rising Harvests Of The 1980s......Page 57 Declaring War On Cocaine......Page 62 Asian Drug Proliferation In The 1990s......Page 65 Latin America In The 1990s......Page 92 Conclusion......Page 97 II - Case Studies......Page 120 Background......Page 122 The Agroeconomics Of Opium In Laos......Page 124 Pros And Cons Of Opium Agriculture: The Farmer’s Perspective......Page 126 Opium Economics......Page 127 Commerce......Page 128 Epidemiology Of Opium Addiction In Laos......Page 129 Natural Courses Of Opium Addiction......Page 130 Treatment Approaches For Opiate Addiction......Page 132 The Politics Of Poppy, Opium, And Addiction......Page 134 Conclusion......Page 136 Post-taliban Production......Page 140 Mountain Cropping Systems......Page 141 Stimulants And Depressants......Page 143 Other Intoxicants......Page 144 Historical Context......Page 145 Opium Cultivation......Page 147 Afghanistan......Page 150 Summary......Page 155 5 - The State And The Ongoing Struggle Over Coca In Bolivia - Legitimacy, Hegemony, and the Exercise of Power......Page 160 The Struggle Over Coca And The Arming Of The State In The 1980s......Page 161 State Repression And The Onslaught Against Coca Growers, 1997–2000......Page 165 Conclusion......Page 170 6 - The Marijuana Milpa - Agricultural Adaptations in a Postsubsistence Maya Landscape in Southern Belize......Page 174 Cultural Economic Background Of The Maya Landscape In Southern Belize......Page 175 Recent History Of The Marijuana Economy In Southern Belize......Page 176 The Boom Turns Bust......Page 181 Cultural Consequences Of The Marijuana Boom......Page 184 Lessons And Larger Implications Of The Marijuana Economy In Southern Belize......Page 185 7 - Sacred And Profane Uses Of The Cactus Lophophora Williamsii From The South Texas Peyote Gardens......Page 189 Nature Of Intoxication By Peyote......Page 194 The Ritual Described......Page 196 Diffusion Of Peyote Use And Creation Of Cult And Religion......Page 198 Secular, Or “profane,” Uses Of Peyote......Page 202 Growth Of The Religious Movement Among Non-indians......Page 206 Implications......Page 207 8 - Desert Traffic - The Dynamics of the Drug Trade in Northwestern Mexico......Page 216 The Rarámuri: Cultivation In The Sierra Madres......Page 218 The Tohono: Desert Crossroads......Page 220 Conclusion......Page 223 III - History And Drug Plants......Page 226 9 - Cannabis In Colonial India - Production, State Intervention, and Resistance in the Late Nineteenth-Century Bengali Landscape......Page 228 Consumers And Markets......Page 229 Cultivation And The Physical Transformation Of The Landscape......Page 230 Resistance And The Imaginative Transformation Of The Landscape......Page 232 Conclusion......Page 237 10 - Suppressing Opium And “reforming” Minorities - Antidrug Campaigns in Ethnic Communities in the Early People's Republic of China......Page 239 Opium And The Jiayin Erlunchun Community......Page 240 Opium And Liangshan Yi Society......Page 243 The Antiopium Campaign In Liangshan: 1950 –1959......Page 244 Opium Suppression In The Aba Tibetan Area In The 1950s......Page 247 Conclusion......Page 249 IV - Environmental Issues......Page 254 11 - Environmental And Social Consequences Of Coca/cocaine In Peru - Policy Alternatives and a Research Agenda......Page 256 Coca/cocaine......Page 257 Geopolitics And The Spread Of Coca/cocaine In Peru......Page 260 Social Consequences And Local Landscapes......Page 263 Environmental Consequences......Page 267 Conclusions......Page 268 12 - Modern Use And Environmental Impact Of The Kava Plant In Remote Oceania......Page 281 Origins And Dispersal Of Kava In Remote Oceania......Page 283 Traditional Uses......Page 285 Present Use By Indigenous Peoples In Remote Oceania......Page 286 Case Study Of Pohnpei Island, Federated States Of Micronesia......Page 290 History Of Kava Use On Pohnpei......Page 292 Commercialization......Page 294 Early Conservation Interventions......Page 295 Addressing A “killer Threat”......Page 296 Conclusions......Page 297 13 - The Global Nexus Of Drug Cultivation And Consumption......Page 301 The Beauty And The Beast......Page 302 Indigenous Peoples And Drugs......Page 303 Why Users Use; Why Growers Grow; Why Traf.ckers Traf.c......Page 304 Social And Material Changes......Page 307 The Drug Landscape......Page 308 The Hydra......Page 310 Drugs, Laws, And The State......Page 312 Meanwhile, Back In The Fields . . .......Page 314 Recommendations......Page 315 Where To From Here?......Page 317 Index......Page 320

the Global Drug Trade And Its Associated Violence, Corruption, And Human Suffering Create Global Problems That Include Political And Military Conflicts, Ethnic Minority Human Rights Violations, And Stresses On Economic Development. Drug Production And Eradication Affects The Stability Of Many States, Shaping And Sometimes Distorting Their Foreign Policies. External Demand For Drugs Has Transformed Many Indigenous Cultures From Using Local Agricultural Activity To Being Enmeshed In Complex Global Problems.

dangerous Harvest Presents A Global Overview Of Indigenous Peoples' Relations With Drugs. It Presents Case Studies From Various Cultural Landscapes That Are Involved In Drug Plant Production, Trade, And Use, And Examines Historical Uses Of Illicit Plant Substances. It Continues With Coverage Of Eradication Efforts, And The Environmental Impact Of Drug Plant Production. In Its Final Chapter, It Synthesizes The Major Points Made And Forecasts Future Directions Of Crop Substitution Programs, International Eradication Efforts, And Changes In Indigenous Landscapes. The Book Helps Unveil The Farmer, Not To Glamorize Those Who Grow Drug Plants But To Show The Deep Historical, Cultural, And Economic Ties Between Farmer And Crop.

Throughout history almost all traditional indigenous societies have used psychoactive substances derived from plants in religious and healing rituals. Once such plants are adopted by outsiders for profane use, the often impoverished peasant farmers who grow them are faced with a life of extreme poverty or are lured by the prospect of a very lucrative cash crop with a steady market. Before long, their cultural and physical landscape is drastically altered. The purpose of this book is to explore this issue from a variety of perspectives, ranging from opium production in Afghanistan and Pakistan to peyote gardens in south Texas. Throughout history almost all traditional indigenous societies have used psychactive substances derived from plants in religious and healing rituals. This text explores this issue from a variety of perspectives, ranging from opium production in Afghanistan and Pakistan to peyote gardens in south Texas