Dangerous Harvest : Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes

(publisher-supplied Data) The Global Drug Trade And Its Associated Violence, Corruption, And Human Suffering Create Global Problems That Include Political And Military Conflicts, Ethnic Minority Human Rights Violations, And Stresses On Economic Development. Drug Production And Eradication Affects The Stability Of Many States, Shaping And Sometimes Distorting Their Foreign Policies. External Demand For Drugs Has Transformed Many Indigenous Cultures From Using Local Agricultural Activity To Being Enmeshed In Complex Global Problems. Dangerous Harvest Presents A Global Overview Of Indigenous Peoples' Relations With Drugs. It Presents Case Studies From Various Cultural Landscapes That Are Involved In Drug Plant Production, Trade, And Use, And Examines Historical Uses Of Illicit Plant Substances. It Continues With Coverage Of Eradication Efforts, And The Environmental Impact Of Drug Plant Production. In Its Final Chapter, It Synthesizes The Major Points Made And Forecasts Future Directions Of Crop Substitution Programs, International Eradication Efforts, And Changes In Indigenous Landscapes. The Book Helps Unveil The Farmer, Not To Glamorize Those Who Grow Drug Plants But To Show The Deep Historical, Cultural, And Economic Ties Between Farmer And Crop. Introduction / Michael K. Steinberg -- Double Agents : Illicit Drugs, Cultural Identities, Indigenous Moral Geographies / Kent Mathewson -- The Stimulus Of Prohibition : A Critical History Of The Global Narcotics Trade / Alfred Mccoy -- Opium And The People Of Laos / Joseph Westermeyer -- Opium Production In Afghanistan And Pakistan / Nigel Allen -- The State And The Ongoing Struggle Over Coca In Bolivia : Legitimacy, Hegemony, And The Exercise Of Power / Harry Sanabria -- The Marijuana Milpa : Agricultural Adaptations In A Post-subsistence Maya Landscape In Southern Belize / Michael K. Steinberg -- Cultural Uses Of The South Texas Peyote Gardens / Clarissa Kimber And Darrel Mcdonald -- Desert Traffic : The Dynamics Of The Drug Trade In Northwestern Mexico / Eric Perramond -- Cannabis In Colonial India : Patterns Of Production, Consumption, And State Intervention In Nineteenth Century South Asia / Jim Mills -- Suppressing Opium And Reforming People : Anti-drug Campaign In Ethnic Communities In The Early People's Republic Of China / Yongming Zhou -- Environmental And Social Consequences Of Coca/cocaine In Peru / Kenneth R. Young -- The Contemporary Use And Environmental Impact Of The Kava Plant, Piper Methysticum Forst. F., In The Tropical Pacific / Mark Mmerlin -- Won't Fade Away : Some Perspectives On The Global Matrix Of Drugs Cultivation And Consumption / Joseph J. Hobbs. Edited By Michael K. Steinberg, Joseph J. Hobbs, And Kent Mathewson. A Duplicate Copy Of This Title Was Part Of The Julio Mario Santo Domingo Collection, But Was Not Retained. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. EEn......Page 1 Dangerous Harvest: Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes......Page 2 Copyright Info......Page 5 TOC......Page 6 Contributors......Page 8 Introduction......Page 11 I - Background Issues......Page 17 1 - Drugs, Moral Geographies, And Indigenous Peoples: Some Initial Mappings And Central Issues......Page 19 De.nitions......Page 21 Distributions......Page 23 Drugs—de.nitions And Numbers......Page 24 Drug Use—a Cultural Universal?......Page 26 Drugs And Indigenous Moral Geographies......Page 28 2 - The Stimulus Of Prohibition - A Critical History of the Global Narcotics Trade......Page 32 Free Trade In Opium......Page 41 The Prohibition Regime......Page 47 Cold War Expansion......Page 50 Bilateral Suppression In The 1970s......Page 54 Rising Harvests Of The 1980s......Page 58 Declaring War On Cocaine......Page 63 Asian Drug Proliferation In The 1990s......Page 66 Latin America In The 1990s......Page 93 Conclusion......Page 98 II - Case Studies......Page 121 Background......Page 123 The Agroeconomics Of Opium In Laos......Page 125 Pros And Cons Of Opium Agriculture: The Farmer’s Perspective......Page 127 Opium Economics......Page 128 Commerce......Page 129 Epidemiology Of Opium Addiction In Laos......Page 130 Natural Courses Of Opium Addiction......Page 131 Treatment Approaches For Opiate Addiction......Page 133 The Politics Of Poppy, Opium, And Addiction......Page 135 Conclusion......Page 137 Post-taliban Production......Page 141 Mountain Cropping Systems......Page 142 Stimulants And Depressants......Page 144 Other Intoxicants......Page 145 Historical Context......Page 146 Opium Cultivation......Page 148 Afghanistan......Page 151 Summary......Page 156 5 - The State And The Ongoing Struggle Over Coca In Bolivia - Legitimacy, Hegemony, and the Exercise of Power......Page 161 The Struggle Over Coca And The Arming Of The State In The 1980s......Page 162 State Repression And The Onslaught Against Coca Growers, 1997–2000......Page 166 Conclusion......Page 171 6 - The Marijuana Milpa - Agricultural Adaptations in a Postsubsistence Maya Landscape in Southern Belize......Page 175 Cultural Economic Background Of The Maya Landscape In Southern Belize......Page 176 Recent History Of The Marijuana Economy In Southern Belize......Page 177 The Boom Turns Bust......Page 182 Cultural Consequences Of The Marijuana Boom......Page 185 Lessons And Larger Implications Of The Marijuana Economy In Southern Belize......Page 186 7 - Sacred And Profane Uses Of The Cactus Lophophora Williamsii From The South Texas Peyote Gardens......Page 190 Nature Of Intoxication By Peyote......Page 195 The Ritual Described......Page 197 Diffusion Of Peyote Use And Creation Of Cult And Religion......Page 199 Secular, Or “profane,” Uses Of Peyote......Page 203 Growth Of The Religious Movement Among Non-indians......Page 207 Implications......Page 208 8 - Desert Traffic - The Dynamics of the Drug Trade in Northwestern Mexico......Page 217 The Rarámuri: Cultivation In The Sierra Madres......Page 219 The Tohono: Desert Crossroads......Page 221 Conclusion......Page 224 III - History And Drug Plants......Page 227 9 - Cannabis In Colonial India - Production, State Intervention, and Resistance in the Late Nineteenth-Century Bengali Landscape......Page 229 Consumers And Markets......Page 230 Cultivation And The Physical Transformation Of The Landscape......Page 231 Resistance And The Imaginative Transformation Of The Landscape......Page 233 Conclusion......Page 238 10 - Suppressing Opium And “reforming” Minorities - Antidrug Campaigns in Ethnic Communities in the Early People's Republic of China......Page 240 Opium And The Jiayin Erlunchun Community......Page 241 Opium And Liangshan Yi Society......Page 244 The Antiopium Campaign In Liangshan: 1950 –1959......Page 245 Opium Suppression In The Aba Tibetan Area In The 1950s......Page 248 Conclusion......Page 250 IV - Environmental Issues......Page 255 11 - Environmental And Social Consequences Of Coca/cocaine In Peru - Policy Alternatives and a Research Agenda......Page 257 Coca/cocaine......Page 258 Geopolitics And The Spread Of Coca/cocaine In Peru......Page 261 Social Consequences And Local Landscapes......Page 264 Environmental Consequences......Page 268 Conclusions......Page 269 12 - Modern Use And Environmental Impact Of The Kava Plant In Remote Oceania......Page 282 Origins And Dispersal Of Kava In Remote Oceania......Page 284 Traditional Uses......Page 286 Present Use By Indigenous Peoples In Remote Oceania......Page 287 Case Study Of Pohnpei Island, Federated States Of Micronesia......Page 291 History Of Kava Use On Pohnpei......Page 293 Commercialization......Page 295 Early Conservation Interventions......Page 296 Addressing A “killer Threat”......Page 297 Conclusions......Page 298 13 - The Global Nexus Of Drug Cultivation And Consumption......Page 302 The Beauty And The Beast......Page 303 Indigenous Peoples And Drugs......Page 304 Why Users Use; Why Growers Grow; Why Traf.ckers Traf.c......Page 305 Social And Material Changes......Page 308 The Drug Landscape......Page 309 The Hydra......Page 311 Drugs, Laws, And The State......Page 313 Meanwhile, Back In The Fields . . .......Page 315 Recommendations......Page 316 Where To From Here?......Page 318 Index......Page 321 Drugs EEn 1 Dangerous Harvest: Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes 2 Copyright Info 5 TOC 6 Contributors 8 Introduction 11 I - Background Issues 17 1 - Drugs, Moral Geographies, And Indigenous Peoples: Some Initial Mappings And Central Issues 19 De.nitions 21 Numbers 23 Distributions 23 Drugs—de.nitions And Numbers 24 Drug Use—a Cultural Universal? 26 Drugs And Indigenous Moral Geographies 28 2 - The Stimulus Of Prohibition - A Critical History of the Global Narcotics Trade 32 Free Trade In Opium 41 The Prohibition Regime 47 Cold War Expansion 50 Bilateral Suppression In The 1970s 54 Rising Harvests Of The 1980s 58 Declaring War On Cocaine 63 Asian Drug Proliferation In The 1990s 66 Latin America In The 1990s 93 Conclusion 98 II - Case Studies 121 3 - Opium And The People Of Laos 123 Background 123 The Agroeconomics Of Opium In Laos 125 Pros And Cons Of Opium Agriculture: The Farmer’s Perspective 127 Opium Economics 128 Commerce 129 Epidemiology Of Opium Addiction In Laos 130 Natural Courses Of Opium Addiction 131 Motivations To Cease Addictive Opium Use 133 Treatment Approaches For Opiate Addiction 133 The Politics Of Poppy, Opium, And Addiction 135 The Proheroin Effects Of Antiopium Laws 137 Conclusion 137 4 - Opium Production In Afghanistan And Pakistan 141 Post-taliban Production 141 Mountain Cropping Systems 142 Stimulants And Depressants 144 Other Intoxicants 145 Historical Context 146 Opium Cultivation 148 Afghanistan 151 Pakistan 156 Summary 156 5 - The State And The Ongoing Struggle Over Coca In Bolivia - Legitimacy, Hegemony, and the Exercise of Power 161 The Struggle Over Coca And The Arming Of The State In The 1980s 162 State Repression And The Onslaught Against Coca Growers, 1997–2000 166 Conclusion 171 6 - The Marijuana Milpa - Agricultural Adaptations in a Postsubsistence Maya Landscape in Southern Belize 175 Cultural Economic Background Of The Maya Landscape In Southern Belize 176 Recent History Of The Marijuana Economy In Southern Belize 177 The Boom Turns Bust 182 Cultural Consequences Of The Marijuana Boom 185 Lessons And Larger Implications Of The Marijuana Economy In Southern Belize 186 7 - Sacred And Profane Uses Of The Cactus Lophophora Williamsii From The South Texas Peyote Gardens 190 Nature Of Intoxication By Peyote 195 Peyote In Ritual And The Growth Of The Native American Church 197 The Ritual Described 197 Diffusion Of Peyote Use And Creation Of Cult And Religion 199 Secular, Or “profane,” Uses Of Peyote 203 Growth Of The Religious Movement Among Non-indians 207 Implications 208 8 - Desert Traffic - The Dynamics of the Drug Trade in Northwestern Mexico 217 Affected Peoples 219 The Rarámuri: Cultivation In The Sierra Madres 219 The Tohono: Desert Crossroads 221 Conclusion 224 III - History And Drug Plants 227 9 - Cannabis In Colonial India - Production, State Intervention, and Resistance in the Late Nineteenth-Century Bengali Landscape 229 Consumers And Markets 230 Cultivation And The Physical Transformation Of The Landscape 231 Resistance And The Imaginative Transformation Of The Landscape 233 Conclusion 238 10 - Suppressing Opium And “reforming” Minorities - Antidrug Campaigns in Ethnic Communities in the Early People's Republic of China 240 Opium And The Jiayin Erlunchun Community 241 Opium And Liangshan Yi Society 244 The Antiopium Campaign In Liangshan: 1950 –1959 245 Opium Suppression In The Aba Tibetan Area In The 1950s 248 Conclusion 250 IV - Environmental Issues 255 11 - Environmental And Social Consequences Of Coca/cocaine In Peru - Policy Alternatives and a Research Agenda 257 Coca/cocaine 258 Geopolitics And The Spread Of Coca/cocaine In Peru 261 Social Consequences And Local Landscapes 264 Environmental Consequences 268 Conclusions 269 12 - Modern Use And Environmental Impact Of The Kava Plant In Remote Oceania 282 Origins And Dispersal Of Kava In Remote Oceania 284 Traditional Uses 286 Present Use By Indigenous Peoples In Remote Oceania 287 Case Study Of Pohnpei Island, Federated States Of Micronesia 291 History Of Kava Use On Pohnpei 293 Commercialization 295 Early Conservation Interventions 296 Addressing A “killer Threat” 297 Conclusions 298 13 - The Global Nexus Of Drug Cultivation And Consumption 302 The Beauty And The Beast 303 Indigenous Peoples And Drugs 304 Why Users Use; Why Growers Grow; Why Traf.ckers Traf.c 305 Social And Material Changes 308 The Drug Landscape 309 The Hydra 311 Drugs, Laws, And The State 313 Meanwhile, Back In The Fields . . . 315 Recommendations 316 Where To From Here? 318 Index 321

the Global Drug Trade And Its Associated Violence, Corruption, And Human Suffering Create Global Problems That Include Political And Military Conflicts, Ethnic Minority Human Rights Violations, And Stresses On Economic Development. Drug Production And Eradication Affects The Stability Of Many States, Shaping And Sometimes Distorting Their Foreign Policies. External Demand For Drugs Has Transformed Many Indigenous Cultures From Using Local Agricultural Activity To Being Enmeshed In Complex Global Problems.

dangerous Harvest Presents A Global Overview Of Indigenous Peoples' Relations With Drugs. It Presents Case Studies From Various Cultural Landscapes That Are Involved In Drug Plant Production, Trade, And Use, And Examines Historical Uses Of Illicit Plant Substances. It Continues With Coverage Of Eradication Efforts, And The Environmental Impact Of Drug Plant Production. In Its Final Chapter, It Synthesizes The Major Points Made And Forecasts Future Directions Of Crop Substitution Programs, International Eradication Efforts, And Changes In Indigenous Landscapes. The Book Helps Unveil The Farmer, Not To Glamorize Those Who Grow Drug Plants But To Show The Deep Historical, Cultural, And Economic Ties Between Farmer And Crop.

Throughout history almost all traditional indigenous societies have used psychoactive substances derived from plants in religious and healing rituals. Once such plants are adopted by outsiders for profane use, the often impoverished peasant farmers who grow them are faced with a life of extreme poverty or are lured by the prospect of a very lucrative cash crop with a steady market. Before long, their cultural and physical landscape is drastically altered. The purpose of this book is to explore this issue from a variety of perspectives, ranging from opium production in Afghanistan and Pakistan to peyote gardens in south Texas. Throughout history almost all traditional indigenous societies have used psychactive substances derived from plants in religious and healing rituals. This text explores this issue from a variety of perspectives, ranging from opium production in Afghanistan and Pakistan to peyote gardens in south Texas