Dam Surveillance – Lessons Learnt From Case Histories / Surveillance Des Barrages – Leçons Tirées D’Études De Cas : Bulletin 180

ICOLD Bulletin 180 presents the vast experience gained over the past 6 decades by the dam engineering community in the field of dam surveillance by means of 80 case histories. The documented case histories endeavour to cover the practical experiences related with one or several of the following points: a) Methods for the improvement of the quality and reliability of information. b) Data processing and representation techniques. c) Effective Diagnostic analyses to determine behaviour patterns. d) Dedicated surveillance systems for the optimization of maintenance, rehabilitation, and other life cycle costs. e) Impact of surveillance on preventing dam incidents and dam failure. f) Overview of dam surveillance management systems. The case histories cover a wide variety of technical aspects and deal with success stories but also incidents, some of them with catastrophic consequences. The time framework spans over 70 years: from the times of the Second World War up to the present. The purpose is to learn from these practical experiences, not to criticize the involved individuals, who had to work with the techniques and rules of practice available at the time. This bulletin wants to contribute to keep learning from the experience of the dam engineering community, specifically in the field of dam surveillance. Some of the case histories are widely known and have been described and analysed in numerous publications. Most of them are related to famous dam failure incidents and were compiled as international “benchmark case histories” for this bulletin to focus on the specific lessons learnt related with dam surveillance. Le Bulletin de la CIGB 180 présente la vaste expérience acquise au cours des 6 dernières décennies par la communauté des ingénieurs de barrages dans le domaine de la surveillance des barrages au moyen de 80 histoires de cas. Les histoires de cas documentées s'efforcent de couvrir les expériences pratiques liées à un ou plusieurs des points suivants : a) Méthodes d'amélioration de la qualité et de la fiabilité de l'information. b) Techniques de traitement et de représentation des données. c) Analyses diagnostiques efficaces pour déterminer les modèles de comportement. d) Systèmes de surveillance dédiés pour l'optimisation de la maintenance, de la réhabilitation et des autres coûts du cycle de vie. e) Impact de la surveillance sur la prévention des incidents et des ruptures de barrage. f) Aperçu des systèmes de gestion de la surveillance des barrages. Les histoires de cas couvrent une grande variété d'aspects techniques et traitent de réussites mais aussi d'incidents, dont certains avec des conséquences catastrophiques. Le cadre temporel s'étend sur 70 ans : de l'époque de la Seconde Guerre mondiale à nos jours. Le but est d'apprendre de ces expériences pratiques, pas de critiquer les individus impliqués, qui ont dû travailler avec les techniques et les règles de pratique disponibles à l'époque. Ce bulletin veut contribuer à continuer d'apprendre de l'expérience de la communauté de l'ingénierie des barrages, en particulier dans le domaine de la surveillance des barrages. Certaines des histoires de cas sont largement connues et ont été décrites et analysées dans de nombreuses publications. La plupart d'entre eux sont liés à des incidents de rupture de barrages célèbres et ont été compilés en tant qu'« histoires de cas de référence » internationales pour ce bulletin afin de se concentrer sur les leçons spécifiques apprises liées à la surveillance des barrages. Cover Title Page Copyright Page TABLE DES MATIÈRES TABLEAUX & FIGURES À LA MÉMOIRE DE DR CHRIS OOSTHUISEN PRÉFACE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Mandat 1.2. Définitions 1.3. Paramètres principaux d’auscultation Paramètres de charge Paramètres de réponse Paramètres d’intégrité 1.4. Interprétation des données d’auscultation 1.5. Bulletins précédents traitant de la surveillance des barrages Bulletin 60 (CIGB : 1988) Auscultation des barrages, considérations générales Bulletin 68 (CIGB : 1989) Auscultation des barrages et de leurs fondations, la technique actuelle Bulletin 87 (CIGB : 1992) Amélioration de l’auscultation des barrages existants Bulletin 118 (CIGB : 2000) Systèmes d’auscultation automatique des barrages, recommandations et exemples Bulletin 138 (CIGB : 2009) La surveillance : Élément de base d'un processus "sécurité des barrages" Bulletin 158 (CIGB, 2013 pour la version en anglais, 2016 pour la version en français) Guide pour la surveillance des barrages 2. CLASSIFICATION DES ÉTUDES DE CAS ET LEÇONS TIRÉES 2.1. Études de cas par pays 2.2. Type de structures 2.3. Age des barrages 2.4. Hauteur des barrages 2.5. Études de cas par catégories 2.6. Répartition des études de cas par initiateurs de défaillance ou modes potentiels de rupture 2.7. Leçons tirées 3. BOITE A OUTILS POUR LE BENCHMARK DES ETUDES DE CAS 3.1. Objet du benchmark des études de cas 3.2. Buts des études de cas 3.3. Exemple de boîte à outil des études de cas Barrage de Teton (et barrage de Fontenelle), USA Barrage de Malpasset, France (et barrage St Francis, USA) Barrage de Vajont, Italie Barrages de Zeuzier et de Nalps, Suisse Barrage de Zoeknog, Afrique du Sud Barrage de Cahora Bassa, Mozambique Barrage de Kouga, Afrique du Sud Barrage Albasini, Afrique du Sud Barrages Driekoppies et Inyaka, Afrique du Sud Barrage Gariep, Afrique du Sud Barrage Sayano-Shushenskaya, Russie Barrage Shih-Kang, Taiwan Barrage Ohrigstad, Afrique du Sud 4. REMARQUES FINALES 4.1. Généralités 4.2. Études de cas 4.3. Les suites à donner 4.4. Un trait d’humour pour terminer 5. RÉFÉRENCES 6. ADDENDA TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES & FIGURES IN MEMORY OF DR. CHRIS OOSTHUIZEN PREFACE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Mandate 1.2. Definitions 1.3. Basic parameters to be monitored Load parameters Response parameters Integrity parameters 1.4. Interpretation of monitoring data 1.5. Previous surveillance bulletins Bulletin 60 (ICOLD: 1988) Dam monitoring, General considerations Bulletin 68 (ICOLD: 1989) Monitoring of dams and their foundations, State of the Art Bulletin 87 (ICOLD: 1992) Improvement of existing dam monitoring Bulletin 118 (ICOLD: 2000) Automated Dam Monitoring Systems, Guidelines and case histories Bulletin 138 (ICOLD: 2009) General Approach to Dam Surveillance Bulletin 158 (ICOLD: 2013 English and 2016 French) Dam surveillance guide 2. CLASSIFICATION OF CASE HISTORIES AND LESSONS LEARNT 2.1. Case histories by countries 2.2. Type of structures 2.3. Age of dams 2.4. Dam height 2.5. Case histories per categories 2.6. Case histories per hazards or failure modes 2.7. Lessons learnt 3. TOOLBOX OF BENCHMARK CASE HISTORIES 3.1. Purpose of benchmark case histories 3.2. Aims of benchmark case histories 3.3. Typical toolbox of case histories Teton Dam (and Fontenelle Dam), USA Malpasset Dam, France (and St Francis Dam, USA) Vajont Dam, Italy Zeuzier Dam and Nalps Dam, Switzerland Zoeknog Dam, South Africa Cahora Bassa Dam, Mozambique Kouga Dam, South Africa Albasini Dam, South Africa Driekoppies Dam and Inyaka Dam, South Africa Gariep Dam, South Africa Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam, Russia Shih-Kang Dam, Taiwan Ohrigstad Dam, South Africa 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 4.1. General remark 4.2. Case Histories 4.3. The way forward 4.4. Tongue in the cheek final remark 5. REFERENCES 6. ADDENDA 6.1. List of case histories with main objective, main benefit and observations 6.2. List of case histories with hazard or potential failure mode, key words and authors 6.3. Matrix case histories - hazard or potential failure mode 6.4. Benchmark case histories MALPASSET ARCH DAM FAILURE AT FIRST IMPOUNDMENT Technical details Surveillance details Description of the incident Lessons learnt THE VAJONT DISASTER Description of the dam Surveillance details Analysis of field data during reservoir impoundment Failure Investigations of the failure Lessons learnt ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR OF ZEUZIER ARCH DAM Technical details Surveillance details Description of the incident Foundation movement and dam deformations Investigation of causes - rock deformations Refurbishment works Refilling operation Lessons learnt The organization of dam surveillance Monitoring system and analysis of the results Analysis of the results Incidence of underground works TETON DAM FAILURE Technical details Environment and funding Geology Foundation preparation Design considerations Teton dam performance Lessons learnt INTENTIONAL DAM BOMBING ACTIONS DURING WORLD WAR II: MÖHNE, EDER AND DNIEPROSTROI DAMS Möhne and eder dams Dnieprostroi dam Lessons learnt FOLSOM DAM SPILLWAY GATE FAILURE Folsom dam Spillway gate failure Other events subsequent to gate failure Investigation of the spillway gate failure Lessons learnt CAHORA BASSA DAM MONITORING Technical details Surveillance details Description of the incident Lessons learnt ZOEKNOG DAM FAILURE Technical details Surveillance details Description of the incident Lessons learnt .... In hindsight several design lessons could be learned...: TOUS DAM FAILURE DUE TO OVERTOPPING Technical details Description of the incident Lessons learnt 6.5. one page summaries of case histories ONE PAGE SUMMARIES OF CASE HISTORIES DURLASSBODEN DAM Lessons learnt GMUEND DAM Lessons learnt ZILLERGRÜNDL DAM Lessons learnt COMOÉ DAM - EROSION IN THE FOUNDATION Lessons learnt CAMEROUN SONG LOULOU DAM – AAR Lessons learnt DETECTION OF WATERLINE LEAKS IN A CONCRETE FACED ROCKFILL DAM Lessons learnt INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION USING TRENDS ANALYSIS Lessons learnt UNDERWATER INSPECTION OF WAC BENNETT DAM Lessons learnt HETEROGENEITY OF AN EMBANKMENT DAM CORE Lessons learnt SEEPAGE DETECTION IN AN EMBANKMENT DAM FOUNDATION USING MODERN FIELD AND NUMERICAL TOOLS Lessons learnt ASSESSMENT OF THE PORCE II DAM Lessons learnt PORCE DAM (COLOMBIA): METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEFINITION OF MONITORING THRESHOLDS Lessons learnt SANTA RITA DAM (COLOMBIA): DETECTING ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOR OF PORE PRESSURES IN EARTHFILL DAMS AND ASSESMENT STUDY Lessons learnt TONA DAM (COLOMBIA): FIELD ROCKFILL DEFORMATION MODULUS Lessons learnt EROSION PRESENTED DOWNSTREAM IN A STRUCTURAL FILL IN THE RIGHT ABUTMENT OF THE URRÁ I HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT (COLOMBIA) Lessons learnt MŠENO DAM – AGEING OF MASONRY DAM FOUNDATION ZONE Lessons learnt EL KARM DAM – SPILLWAY AND DAM BODY CRACKS Lessons learnt ETANG DAM - UPSTREAM MEMBRANE CRACKING AFTER 20 YEARS OF OPERATION Lessons learnt GRAND’MAISON DAM - SLOPE UNSTABILITY ABOVE THE RESERVOIR Lessons learnt LA PALIERE DIKE - MANAGEMENT OF PHENOMENA DEVELOPING SLOWLY OVER A PERIOD OF 30 YEARS Lessons learnt MIRGENBACH DAM - SLIDE OF EMBANKMENTS DURING CONSTRUCTION Lessons learnt SYLVENSTEIN DAM - RETROFITTING Lessons learnt ALBORZ DAM – OPTIONAL INSTRUMENTATION Lessons learnt GOTVAND DAM - MONITORING Lessons learnt KARUN 4 ARCH DAM - SURVEILLANCE OF CONTRACTION JOINTS Lessons learnt MASJED SOLEIMAN DAM – BEHAVIOR AND CONDITION OF THE DAM Lessons learnt SEYMAREH DAM – INSTRUMENTATION AND MONITORING Lessons learnt AMBIESTA DAM – CRACKS DETECTION USING SONIC TOMOGRAPHY Lessons learnt ISOLA SERAFINI TRANSVERSE - BATHIMETRY TO PREVENT EROSION Lessons learnt MISTRAL SOFTWARE FOR ON-LINE MONITORING SYSTEM Lessons learnt SAN GIACOMO DAM – MONITORING OF UPLIFT PRESSURE Lessons learnt MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR AN ASPHALT FACED ROCKFILL DAM (AFRD) Lessons learnt AUTOMATIC DIAPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT FOR AN ARCH DAM Lessons learnt DAMAGE TO THE YASHIO DAM CAUSED BY THE EARTHQUAKE AND REINFORCEMENT WORK Lessons learnt OUED EL MAKHAZINE DAM – CUTOFF WALL WRONG DESIGN Lessons learnt OUED EL MAKHAZINE DAM – CULVERT JOINT BREAK Lessons learnt TUIZGUI RAMZ MASONRY DAM – COLLAPSE Lessons learnt MURAVATN DAM – PORE PRESSURE CONTROL IN THE FOUNDATION Lessons learnt STORVATN DAM – CONTROL OF ASPHALT CONCRETE CORE Lessons learnt SVARTEVANN DAM - SETTLEMENTS - DAM PERFORMANCE Lessons learnt NORWEGIAN TRIAL DAM – VERIFICATION OF NEW CORE DESIGN CONCEPT Lessons learnt VIDDALSVATN DAM - LEAKAGE - PIPING - SINKHOLES Lessons learnt ZELAZNY MOST TAILING DAM – DILIGENT MONITORING DATA ANALYSIS Lessons learnt SAFETY CONTROL OF CONCRETE DAMS AIDED BY AUTOMATED MONITORING SYSTEMS. THE PORTUGUESE EXPERIENCE Lessons learnt GURA RÂULUI DAM – LONG TERM BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS USING STATISTICALAND DETERMINISTIC MODELS Lessons learnt PALTINU ARCH DAM. INCIDENT DURING FIRST IMPOUNDMENT Lessons learnt PECINEAGU DAM Lessons learnt POIANA UZULUI BUTTRESS DAM Lessons learnt BELFORT DAM REHABILITATION: WALKING THE TIGHTROPE Lessons learnt DRIEKOPPIES DAM MONITORING Lessons learnt INYAKA DAM MONITORING Lessons learnt KATSE DAM MONITORING Lessons learnt KOUGA DAM MONITORING: SOLVING THE RIDDLES Lessons learnt OHRIGSTAD DAM GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS WITH A TWIST Lessons learnt LA ACEÑA DAM - DGPS REAL TIME MONITORING Lessons learnt CASPE II DAM. DETECTING ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOR OF PORE PRESSURES IN EARTHFILL Lessons learnt CORTES II DAM - MONITORING AND STABILIZATION OF RESERVOIR SLOPES Lessons learnt ECONOMIC BENEFITS DUE TO AUTOMATION OF MONITORING SYSTEMS LA MINILLA AND GERGAL DAMS Lessons learnt DETECTING ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOR OF SEEPAGE IN EARTHFILL DAMS: LA LOTETA DAM (SPAIN) Lessons learnt SIURANA DAM – OPTIMAL METHOD FOR REMEDIAL WORKS ON DRAINAGE SYSTEM Lessons learnt DAM MONITORING TO ASSESS VAL DAM BEHAVIOUR DURING THE FIRST YEARS OF OPERATION Lessons learnt IMPLEMENTATION OF A DAM MONITORING MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Lessons learnt STORFINNFORSEN POWER STATION - EMBANKMENT DAM IMPROVEMENT INITIATED BY JUST A SMALL CHANGE IN MEASUREMENTS DATA Lessons learnt IDENTIFICATION OF NEED OF MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE – A CASE STUDY ON 20 SWEDISH DAMS Lessons learnt ZIATINE DAM - LEAKAGE THROUGH DAM LEFT BANK Lessons learnt LOW COST, HIGH BENEFIT SHORT-TERM RISK REDUCTION MEASURES IMPLEMENTED BY EFFECTIVE MONITORING AT DORRIS DAM Lessons learnt PIEZOMETER AT OCHOCO DAM PROVIDES WARNING OF UNSATISFACTORY DAM PERFORMANCE Lessons learnt STEINAKER DAM RIGHT ABUTMENT SLIDE INCIDENT: RESPONSE, EVALUATION, AND SURVEILLANCE Lessons learnt WANAPUM DAM SPILLWAY INCIDENT: RESPONSE, ROOT CAUSE, REMEDIATION, AND SURVEILLANCE Lessons learnt WOLF CREEK DAM: USING INSTRUMENTATION DATA TO ASSESS BARRIER WALL EFFECTIVENESS Lessons learnt Lessons learnt 7. KEYWORD INDEX