Cyclic and event stratification : [contributions from a workshop held in Tübingen on April 26th-27th 1980

The problem of bedding, a basic feature of most sedimenta- ry rocks, is as old as the science of geology itself. We use bedding in structural geology, regional correlation and for estimating the time involved in the strati'9Taphic record. Nevertheless we still are far from fully under- standing the processes involved. This is particularly true for carbonate rocks, where primary phenomena are sometimes difficult to separate from the secondary diagenetic over- print. After new interest in the subject had arisen from the International Deep Sea Drilling Project and from pa- leoecological studies in our own research group (Sonder- forschungsbereich 53 "Pal6kologie"), a Rundgesprach (work- shop) was held in Tlibingen on April 25th - 27th 1980. The present volume, which resulted from this symposium, con- tains a variety of contributions, including some by col- leagues that were unable to attend the meeting itself. Papers whose authors did not submit an elaborated manu- script, are represented by abstracts in the form presented for the meeting. Our own interest in the problem envolved from studies of "Fossil-Bonanzas", such as the Solnhofen lithographic lime- stones or the bituminous Posidonia shales, in which the unusual kind and preservation of fossils indicated extre- me environmental conditions. During these studies (see sununary reports in Zbl. Geol. Palaont. II, 1976 and N. Jb. Geol. Palaont., 157, 1978) we realized that even in these cases one single environmental model is usually insuffi- cient to explain the conflicting evidences. General Remarks About The Nature, Occurrence, And Recognition Of Cyclic Sequences (periodites) / G. Einsele -- Limestone-marl Cycles (periodites) : Diagnosis, Significance, Causes -- A Review / G. Einsele -- Observations On Well-bedded Upper Jurassic Limestones / W.m. Bausch, J. Fatschel, And D. Hofmann -- Origin Of Marl-limestone Alternation (oxford 2) In Southwest Germany / W. Ricken And C. Hemleben -- Limestone-shale Bedding And Perturbations Of The Earth's Orbit / W. Schwarzacher And A.g. Fischer -- Rhythmic Sedimentation Documented In A Late Cretaceous Core (abstract) / L. Pratt -- Ecology And Depositional Environments Of Chalk-marl And Limestone-shale Rhythms In The Cretaceous Of North America (abstract) / E.g. Kauffman -- Diagenetic Redistribution Of Carbonate, A Process In Forming Limestone-marl Alternations (devonian And Carboniferous, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, W. Germany) / W. Eder -- A Contribution To The Origin Of Limestone-shale Sequences / M. Walther --^ Deep-sea Stratigraphy : Cenozoic Climate Steps And The Search For Chemo-climatic Feedback / W.h. Berger -- General Remarks About Event Deposits / A. Seilacher -- Experiments On The Distinction Of Wave And Current Influenced Shell Accumulations / E. Futterer -- Calcareous Tempestites : Storm-dominated Stratification In Upper Muschelkalk Limestones (middle Trias, Sw-germany) / T. Aigner -- Allochthonous Coquinas In The Upper Muschelkalk -- Caused By Storm Events? (abstract) / H. Hagdorn And R. Mundlos -- The Role Of Storm Processes In Generating Shell Beds In Paleozoic Shelf Environments / R.d. Kreisa And R.k. Bambach -- Rhythmic Bedding And Shell Bed Formation In The Upper Jurassic Of East Greenland / F.t. Fürsich -- Shell Beds In The Lower Lias Of South Germany -- Facies And Origin / G. Bloos -- Storm Sedimentation In The Carboniferous Limestones Near Weston-super-mare (dinantian, Sw-england) / D. Jeffery And T. Aigner --^ Event-stratification In Nummulite Accumulations And In Shell Beds From The Eocene Of Egypt / T. Aigner -- The Bank Der Kleinen Terebrateln (upper Muschelkalk, Triassic) Near Schwäbisch Hall (sw-germany) -- A Tempestite Condensation Horizon / H. Hagdorn -- Glauconitic Condensation Through High-energy Events In The Albian Near Clars (escragnolles, Var, Se-france) / G. Gebhard -- Muschelkalk/keuper Bone-beds (middle Triassic, Sw-germany) -- Storm Condensation In A Regressive Cycle / W.-e. Reif -- Condensed Griotte Facies And Cephalopod Accumulations In The Upper Devonian Of The Eastern Anti-atlas, Morocco / J. Wendt And T. Aigner -- Distinctive Features Of Sandy Tempestites / A. Seilacher -- Multidirectional Paleocurrents As Indicators Of Shelf Storm Beds / D.i. Gray And M.j. Benton -- Scour And Fill : The Significance Of Event Separation / R. Goldring And T. Aigner -- Storm-surge Sandstones And The Deposition Of Interbedded Limestone : Late Precambrian, Southern Norway / M. Tucker --^ Flat Pebble Conglomerates, Storm Deposits, And The Cambrian Bottom Fauna / J.j. Sepkoski Jr. -- Jurassic Bedded Cherts From The North Apennines, Italy : Dyscyclic Sedimentation In The Deep Pelagic Realm / T.j. Barrett -- Quartz-sandy Allodapic Limestones As A Result Of Lime Mud-raising Clastic Turbidites / U. Maier-harth -- Belemnites As Current Indicators In Shallow Marine Turbidites Of The Santonian Bavnodde Grønsand, Bornholm (denmark) / R. Schmidt -- Habits Of Zircon As A Tool For Precise Tephrostratigraphic Correlation / J. Winter -- Cyclic And Dyscyclic Black Shale Formation / A. Wetzel -- Cyclicity And The Storage Of Organic Matter In Middle Cretaceous Pelagic Sediments / P.l. Deboer -- Types Of Stratification In The Kupferschiefer / J. Paul -- Environmental Changes During Oil Shale Deposition As Deduced From Stable Isotope Ratios / W. Küspert --^ The Community Structure Of Shell Islands On Oxygen Depleted Substrates In Mesozoic Dark Shales And Laminated Carbonates (abstract) / E.g. Kauffman -- Ammonite Shells As Habitats -- Floats Or Benthic Islands? (abstract) / A. Seilacher -- Palynology Of Upper Liassic Bituminous Shales (abstract) / W. Wille -- The Bituminous Lower Toarcian At The Truc De Balduc Near Mende (département De La Lozère, S-france) / W. Riegraf -- Bedding Types Of The Toarcian Black Shales In Nw-greece / J.p. Walzebuck -- Stratinomy Of The Lower Kimmeridge Clay (dorset, England) (abstract) / T. Aigner -- The Formation Of The Bituminous Layers Of The Middle Triassic Of Ticino (switzerland) (abstract) / H. Rieber -- Paleogeographic Significance Of Tempestites And Periodites / G. Einsele And A. Seilacher. Edited By G. Einsele And A. Seilacher. Consists Of Papers Presented At A Workshop Sponsored By Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Held In Tübingen, April 25-27, 1980. Includes Bibliographies. Front Matter....Pages I-XIV Front Matter....Pages 1-1 General Remarks About the Nature, Occurrence, and Recognition of Cyclic Sequences (Periodites)....Pages 3-7 Limestone-Marl Cycles (Periodites): Diagnosis, Significance, Causes — a Review....Pages 8-53 Observations on Well-bedded Upper Jurassic Limestones....Pages 54-62 Origin of Marl-Limestone Alternation (Oxford 2) in Southwest Germany....Pages 63-71 Limestone-Shale Bedding and Perturbations of the Earth’s Orbit....Pages 72-95 Rhythmic Sedimentation Documented in a Late Cretaceous Core (Abstract)....Pages 96-96 Ecology and Depositional Environments of Chalk-Marl and Limestone-Shale Rhythms in the Cretaceous of North America (Abstract)....Pages 97-97 Diagenetic Redistribution of Carbonate, a Process in Forming Limestone-Marl Alternations (Devonian and Carboniferous, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, W. Germany)....Pages 98-112 A Contribution to the Origin of Limestone-Shale Sequences....Pages 113-120 Deep-Sea Stratigraphy: Cenozoic Climate Steps and the Search for Chemo-Climatic Feedback....Pages 121-157 Front Matter....Pages 159-159 General Remarks About Event Deposits....Pages 161-174 Experiments on the Distinction of Wave and Current Influenced Shell Accumulations....Pages 175-179 Calcareous Tempestites: Storm-dominated Stratification in Upper Muschelkalk Limestones (Middle Trias, SW-Germany)....Pages 180-198 Allochthonous Coquinas in the Upper Muschelkalk — Caused by Storm Events? (Abstract)....Pages 199-199 The Role of Storm Processes in Generating Shell Beds in Paleozoic Shelf Environments....Pages 200-207 Rhythmic Bedding and Shell Bed Formation in the Upper Jurassic of East Greenland....Pages 208-222 Shell Beds in the Lower Lias of South Germany — Facies and Origin....Pages 223-239 Storm Sedimentation in the Carboniferous Limestones Near Weston-Super-Mare (Dinantian, SW-England)....Pages 240-247 Event-Stratification in Nummulite Accumulations and in Shell Beds from the Eocene of Egypt....Pages 248-262 The “Bank der kleinen Terebrateln” (Upper Muschelkalk, Triassic) Near Schwäbisch Hall (SW-Germany) — a Tempestite Condensation Horizon....Pages 263-285 Front Matter....Pages 159-159 Glauconitic Condensation Through High-Energy Events in the Albian Near Clars (Escragnolles, Var, SE-France)....Pages 286-298 Muschelkalk/Keuper Bone-Beds (Middle Triassic, SW-Germany) — Storm Condensation in a Regressive Cycle....Pages 299-325 Condensed Griotte Facies and Cephalopod Accumulations in the Upper Devonian of the Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco....Pages 326-332 Distinctive Features of Sandy Tempestites....Pages 333-349 Multidirectional Palaeocurrents as Indicators of Shelf Storm Beds....Pages 350-353 Scour and Fill: The Significance of Event Separation....Pages 354-362 Storm-surge Sandstones and the Deposition of Interbedded Limestone: Late Precambrian, Southern Norway....Pages 363-370 Flat-Pebble Conglomerates, Storm Deposits, and the Cambrian Bottom Fauna....Pages 371-385 Front Matter....Pages 387-387 Jurassic Bedded Cherts from the North Apennines, Italy: Dyscyclic Sedimentation in the Deep Pelagic Realm....Pages 389-403 Quartz-sandy Allodapic Limestones as a Result of Lime Mud-Raising Clastic Turbidites....Pages 404-418 Belemnites as Current Indicators in Shallow Marine Turbidites of the Santonian Bavnodde Grønsand, Bornholm (Denmark)....Pages 419-422 Habits of Zircon as a Tool for Precise Tephrostratigraphic Correlation....Pages 423-428 Front Matter....Pages 429-429 Cyclic and Dyscyclic Black Shale Formation....Pages 431-455 Cyclicity and the Storage of Organic Matter in Middle Cretaceous Pelagic Sediments....Pages 456-475 Types of Stratification in the Kupferschiefer....Pages 476-481 Environmental Changes During Oil Shale Deposition as Deduced from Stable Isotope Ratios....Pages 482-501 The Community Structure of “Shell Islands” on Oxygen Depleted Substrates in Mesozoic Dark Shales and Laminated Carbonates (Abstract)....Pages 502-503 Ammonite Shells as Habitats — Floats or Benthic Islands? (Abstract)....Pages 504-504 Palynology of Upper Liassic Bituminous Shales (Abstract)....Pages 505-505 The Bituminous Lower Toarcian at the Truc de Balduc Near Mende (Département de la Lozère, S-France)....Pages 506-511 Front Matter....Pages 429-429 Bedding Types of the Toarcian Black Shales in NW-Greece....Pages 512-525 Stratinomy of the Lower Kimmeridge Clay (Dorset, England) (Abstract)....Pages 526-526 The Formation of the Bituminous Layers of the Middle Triassic of Ticino (Switzerland) (Abstract)....Pages 527-527 Front Matter....Pages 529-529 Paleogeographic Significance of Tempestites and Periodites....Pages 531-536 Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy not only describes a large variety of marine bedding features, including gravity mass flows, siliceous sediments, phosphorites, shallow water carbonates and glacio-marine cycles, but also stratification phenomena in lacustrine sediments, coal cycles, and tephra layers on land and below the seas. Scales range from annual varves to larger, mainly sea-level controlled, sedimentary sequences. Secondary effects, such as biological response and feed back mechanisms, trace fossil tiering, and diagenetic overprinting, are also presented as well as special techniques in timing and correlating cyclic and event bedding phenomena. This book follows the very successful precursor volume Cyclic and Event Stratification, but has a much wider approach. It addresses graduate students as well as professionals in geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, and paleontology.