روندهای جاری در شناسایی و توسعه عوامل ضد میکروبی

Despite an increase in life expectancy over the past 20 years, the number of novel, multi-drug resistant microorganisms has also risen dramatically. To reduce the risk of reemerging infections, and limit the spread of multidrug resistant microorganisms, it is urgently necessary to develop safe and effective therapeutic countermeasures. New antimicrobial chemicals are mostly produced with the help of microorganisms, and the bulk of medications now on the market are of this type. The use of high therapeutic screening and recent developments in analytical instrumentation has allowed the researchers to identify novel antimicrobial compounds from bacteria, fungi, plants, mushrooms, algae, and other sources more quickly. The second volume of Frontiers in Antimicrobial Agents highlights the ongoing requirement for researching and creating novel antimicrobial medications. Current Trends in the Identification and Development of Antimicrobial Agents aims to bring together the expertise of notable academics to examine all facets of antimicrobial research while keeping recent advancements in perspective. Antibiotic discovery, sources of novel antimicrobial chemicals, developing and reemerging microbial infections, various elements of drug resistance, and the need for antimicrobial medications in the future are all covered in this book. It is a timely reference for anyone involved in the discovery and development of new drugs, including microbiologists, biotechnologists, pharmacologists, doctors, and researchers. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Foreword Preface List of Contributors Anti-Microbial Drugs for Emerging and Re-emerging Microbial Diseases: Paradigm in the 21st Century Shiv Swaroop1, Nidhi Verma2, Jay Kant Yadav2,* and Janmejay Pandey2,* INTRODUCTION Evolution of Microbial Life & Co-evolution of the Human-human Microbiome HUMAN PATHOGENS – PROKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS & VIRUSES EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES Causative Agents of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Disease Determinants of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases Adaptive Microbial Physiology for Resistance to Anti-Microbials Countermeasures for Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases INFECTIOUS DISEASES: TREATMENT PARADIGM IN THE 21ST CENTURY Anti-Microbials for Infectious Diseases in 21st Century Vaccines for Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases Genomics Guided Discovery of New Classes of Antibiotics Structure-Function Guided Discovery of Inhibitors of Drug Targets Innovative Novel Alternative Anti-Microbial Therapeutics Nanomaterials as Potent Alternative Anti-microbial Therapeutics The Anti-Microbial Peptide as Potent Alternative Anti-Microbial Therapeutics CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Emergence of Multidrug Resistance Microbes: Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses Neha Malhotra1, Pramod Kumar2, Ramakrishnan Sethu3 and Sanjay K. Rohaun3,* INTRODUCTION PROBLEM OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE MECHANISM OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE Genetic Basis for Drug Resistance Biochemical and Mutational Basis for Drug Resistance Target Modification Increased Activity of Energy-driven Efflux Pumps Other Biochemical and Mutational Events EVOLUTION OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE Multidrug Resistance in Bacteria MDR in Gram-negative Bacteria MDR in Gram-positive Bacteria MDR and XDR in M. tuberculosis Multidrug Resistance in Fungi Drug Resistance in Candida albicans and NAC species MDR in Aspergillus Fumigatus MDR in Fusarium Multidrug Resistance in Viruses MDR in Influenza Virus MDR in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) ACTION PLANS FOR COMBATING MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE AND THE GLOBAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS ADVANCES TO DEVELOP NEWER THERAPEUTICS FOR MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) CRISPR-Cas System Metallo-Drugs and Metallo-nanoparticles in MDR Use of Antibiotic Adjuvants Herbal Medicine Quorum Sensing (QS) Inhibitors Phage Therapy Antimicrobial Peptides (AMP) Therapies for Oxidant: Antioxidant Balance Vaccines Monoclonal Antibodies CONCLUSION CONSENT OF PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Basics of the Drug Development Process Salim Faruk Bashir1,2, Shivani Meena1 and Gaurav Kumar1,* INTRODUCTION LEAD DISCOVERY LEAD OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION PRECLINICAL STUDIES Formulation, Dosage, and Delivery Formulation Dosage Delivery Absorption, Distribution, Metabolization, and Excretion Information (ADME) Mode of Action of Drug Toxicity/Side Effects Compression with Other Similar Drugs Interaction with Other Drug Molecules Packaging Development Labeling Biocompatible Materials Quantity/Volume CLINICAL TRIALS (PHASE 1-3) Phase I Clinical Trial Phase Ia- Single Ascending Dose Phase Ib- Multiple Ascending Doses Food Effect on Drug Phase II Clinical Trial Phase III Clinical Trial NEW DRUG APPLICATION FILING AND APPROVALS (REGULATORY APPROVALS FOR CLINICAL TRIALS) CLINICAL TRIAL (PHASE 4) POST-MARKET MONITORING CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Anti Bacterial Drugs: A Bright Past but a Challenging Future Nitin Pal Kalia1, Manoj Kumar2, Souhaila Al Khodor2 and Sandeep Sharma3,* INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS NOVEL ANTIBIOTICS FOR EFFECTIVE TREATMENT IN CLINICAL SETTINGS ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS: A BRIGHT PAST BUT A CHALLENGING FUTURE Antibacterial Drugs Discoveries Broad-target Activity Challenges Medical Challenge Increasing Research and Development Cost Commercial Challenge for the Pharmaceutical Industry Challenges in Antibacterial Drug Discovery CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Current Antifungal Drugs Megha Kaushik1, Arvind Sharma2, Shefali Gupta3 and Pooja Gulati4,* INTRODUCTION COMMON FUNGAL PATHOGENS CLASSICAL ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS IN CLINICAL USE Polyenes Azoles Pyrimidines Allylamines Echinocandins ANTIFUNGAL PEPTIDES Mode Of Action MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE IN FUNGI Alteration of the Target Site Overexpression of Efflux-pumps Cellular Stress Pathways Alteration of Membrane Homeostasis Biofilm Formation Genome Plasticity Metabolic Bypass Resistance By Mitochondrial Alteration EMERGING TARGETS FOR NEW ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS Fungal Cell Wall Proteins Fungal Membrane Sphingolipids Metabolic Pathways Signal Transduction Pathways ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS IN CLINICAL TRIALS Novel Azoles/tetrazoles Ibrexafungerp (formerly Known As Scy078) Rezafungin (Formerly Known As CD101) Fosmanogepix (APX001) Mat2203 Ceragenins Others ANTIFUNGAL VACCINES CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES Antiviral Drugs - in Past and Current Pandemics Arijit Nandi1,†, Anwesha Das2,†, Wei-Yu Lin3 and Payal Chakraborty4,* INTRODUCTION Different Types of Viruses Life Cycle of a Virus Host–Virus Interactions DEMOGRAPHY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PAST AND PRESENT VIRAL OUTBREAKS ANTIVIRAL DRUG THERAPEUTICS - RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Natural Products Chemical Entities and Different Types of Formulations Viral DNA Synthesis Inhibitors like Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Maribavir and Letermovir Viral RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) Inhibitors such as Favipiravir, Remdesivir, Galidesivir and Ribavirin Viral RNA Synthesis inhibitor - Sofosbuvir Fusion Inhibitor - Arbidol Endonuclease Inhibitor - Baloxavir Viral Protease Inhibitor –Lopinavir Inhibitors of Viral Penetration into the Host Cell such as Amantadine and Rimantadine Neuraminidase Inhibitors for e.g., Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Peramivir and Laninamivir Biologicals – Vaccine & Sera Therapy Types of Biological Products Vaccines Convalescent Plasma Monoclonal Antibodies Interferons (IFNs) Translational Medicines Repurposed Drugs Combined Drugs Prediction of Drug Targets Assay Development In-Vitro Assay and Laboratory Findings Others ADVANCED APPROACHES IN ANTIVIRAL THERAPY Insights into Advanced Immunotherapies Ongoing Clinical Trials - New Antiviral Therapies Ebola Influenza SARS-CoV-2 Application of Artificial Intelligence Diagnostic Tool Drug Development Immunotherapy Clinical Trial CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Natural Products: Antibacterial, Anti-fungal, and Anti-viral Agents Shipa Rani Dey1, Neha Gogia2,# and Prasann Kumar1, 3,* INTRODUCTION ANTI-BACTERIAL, ANTI-FUNGAL AND ANTI-VIRAL ACTIVITY Principle Antibacterial Phytochemicals Terpenes Phenolic and Polyphenols Coumarins EFFICACY OF PLANT-DERIVED NATURAL PRODUCTS IN MITIGATING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES CONTINUING SEARCH FOR NATURAL PLANT RESOURCES IN ANTI-CANCER THERAPY CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Antimicrobial Drugs Obtained from Marine Algae Rohan Samir Kumar Sachan1, Ritu Bala1, Abdel Rahman M. Al-Tawaha2, Samia Khanum3 and Arun Karnwal1,* INTRODUCTION DIVERSITY IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT CLASSIFICATION OF SEAWEEDS Green Algae Red Algae Brown Algae ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS FROM MARINE ALGAE Polysaccharides and Sulfated Polysaccharides Lipid, Glycerol, and Sterols Phenolic Compounds and their Derivatives Pigments Lectin Alkaloids Cyclic Peptides Terpenes and its Derivatives Halogenated Compounds ANTIMICROBIAL ASSESSMENT OF COMPOUNDS FROM MARINE ALGAE In-vitro Assessment Disc Diffusion Method Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) In-vivo Assessment PRODUCTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS FROM MARINE ALGAE Factors Affecting their Production Extraction Techniques and Solvent Effect IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH Seaweeds as Food Medicinal Use of Seaweeds Seaweed as Medicines Respiratory Treatment Hormones in Seaweeds Essential Fat and Vitamins in Seaweeds CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Mushroom and Related Fungi: A Natural Source of Anti-Microbial Compounds Prabhjot Kaur1, Abhijit Dey2, Vijay Kumar1, Padmanabh Dwivedi3, Tabarak Malik4, R.M. Banik5, Brijendra Pratap Mishra6 and Devendra Kumar Pandey1,* INTRODUCTION ANTI-MICROBIAL COMPOUNDS FROM MUSHROOMS Bio-active Compounds: Anti-Bacterial Properties Bio-active Compounds: Anti-Fungal Properties Bio-active Compounds: Anti-Viral Properties EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM MUSHROOMS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Nano-particles for Microbial Growth and Drug Delivery Pranjali Chole1, Camil Rex1, Sabia Imran1, Kasi Gopinath2 and Lokesh Ravi1,* INTRODUCTION TO NANOPARTICLES Types of Nanoparticles Organic Nanoparticles Liposomes Dendrimers Carbon-based NPs Polymeric Nanoparticles Metal Nanoparticles Gold Nanoparticles Silver Nanoparticles Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Magnetic Nanoparticles Ceramic Nanoparticles Quantum Dots SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES Green Synthesis Chemical Synthesis Physical Synthesis ANTIBACTERIAL NANOPARTICLES ANTIBACTERIAL APPROACHES Bacterial Cell Wall Role Of Biofilm Formation Growth Rate Control ANTIBACTERIAL MECHANISM OF NANOPARTICLES Release Of Metal Ion From Nanoparticles Oxidative Stress NANOPARTICLES AGAINST DRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA ANTI-FUNGAL NANOPARTICLES ANTI-FUNGAL MECHANISM OF NPS ANTI-PARASITIC ACTIVITIES ANTI-PARASITIC MECHANISM OF NPS Mechanism NPS AGAINST DRUG RESISTANT PARASITES Chitosan Nanoparticles Gold Nanoparticles Silver Nanoparticles ANTI-VIRAL NANOPARTICLES ANTI-VIRAL MECHANISM OF NANOPARTICLES Mechanism 1 Mechanism 2 DRUG-DELIVERY SYSTEM TYPES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS Nanobots Nanoghosts Nanoclews Nanoneedles Nanoclusters Liposomes Nanobubbles Exosomes Injectable Nanoparticle Generator Nano Terminator Niosomes Carbon Nanotubes APPLICATIONS OF DRUG DELIVERY NANOPARTICLES CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Current Approaches to Antimicrobial Formulations and their Delivery Kaushita Banerjee1 and Harishkumar Madhyastha2,* INTRODUCTION ANTIMICROBIAL FORMULATIONS AND THEIR TYPES Plant Antimicrobials Antimicrobial Peptides Immunomodulatory Agents as Antimicrobials Colloid-based Antimicrobials MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL FORMULATIONS AND THEIR DELIVERY Mechanistic Approach of Resistance to Antimicrobials in Microorganisms Inactivation of Antimicrobials Modification of the Target Drug Efflux Pumps in Resistance Development Role of Plasmid-mediated Drug Efflux Pump Systems CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING CONTEMPORARY ANTIMICROBIAL FORMULATIONS Inexorableness to Antimicrobial Resistance Manageability of Resistance EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTEMPORARY ANTIMICROBIALS OVER THE TRADITIONAL THERAPIES Antimicrobial Peptides Phage Therapy Vaccines Potentiators Replacing the Currently used Antibiotics Biomaterials Combined Antimicrobials CONCLUSION CONSENT OF PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Immunoinformatics - Role in the Identification of New Classes of Antimicrobials Sunil Krishnan G.1, Amit Joshi1 and Vikas Kaushik1,* INTRODUCTION IMMUNE SYSTEM AND IMMUNOINFORMATICS ANTIMICROBIALS AND ITS NEW CLASSES Antiviral Antibacterial Antifungal Antiprotozoals Anthelmintics or Antihelminthics Plant-sourced Natural and Small Antimicrobials IMPORTANCE OF VACCINE AS AANTIMICROBIAL AGENT IMMUNOINFORMATICS ROLE IN ANTIMICROBIALS Antimicrobial Peptides Antimicrobial Databases and Immunoinformatics Tools IMMUNOINFORMATICS ROLE IN VACCINES DEVELOPMENT Machine Learning in Antimicrobial Peptides Antimicrobial Peptide’s role in Gastrointestinal Infections FUTURE PROSPECTUS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Subject Index Back Cover