Current Trends in Green Nano-emulsions: Food, Agriculture and Biomedical Sectors (Smart Nanomaterials Technology)

This book gives a complete overview of current developments on the green synthesis and extraction of nano-emulsions for numerous uses in food, agriculture, biomedical, and cosmetics sectors. In the food and agriculture section, the book demonstrates the use of nano-emulsions to deliver nutraceuticals, coloring, and flavoring agents, in the development of biodegradable coating, improving the quality of packing films and enhancing the shelf life and nutritional value of foods. It also shows that nano-emulsions are very good for pesticides formulation where it enhances the solubility of poorly water-soluble pesticides, resulting in increased pesticide bioactivity compared to conventional pesticides. In the biomedicine applications section, the chapters show that nano-emulsion can dissolve hydrophobic drugs and is used as a drug delivery system for many cancers treatment such as lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, liver, and gastric cancer. Also, nano-emulsions are an excellent candidate for encapsulating drugs or imaging probes for targeted delivery and immunotherapy. This book caters to scientists, researchers, and students interested in nanotechnology, nanomedicine, environmental science, plant science, agriculture, chemistry, biotechnology, pharmacognosy, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemistry, and many other interdisciplinary subjects. Preface 6 Contents 8 Basic of Nanoemulsions 11 Introduction to Green Nanoemulsions and Their Properties 12 1 Introduction 13 2 Green Nanoemulsion 14 3 Different Methods for the Production of Green Nano-Emulsions 15 4 High-Energy Methods Emulsification Processes 15 5 Low-Energy Emulsification Processes 17 6 Pros and Cons of High-Energy Methods Emulsification and Low-Energy Emulsification Processes 18 7 Properties of Nanoemulsions 19 8 Agriculture Nano-Emulsion 21 9 Future Possibilities 23 10 Conclusion 24 References 24 Nanoemulsions from Essential Oils: Preparation, Characterization, and Their Applications 30 1 Introduction 31 2 Preparation Methods of Nanoemulsions of Essential Oils 32 2.1 High Energy Methods 32 2.2 Low-Energy Methods 34 3 Characterization of Nanoemulsions Formation 36 4 Potential Applications of Nanoemulsions of Essential Oils 37 5 Some Limitations and Opportunities of Nanoemulsions of Essential Oils 40 6 Conclusions 41 References 41 Citrus Fruit Nanoemulsions and Their Applications 48 1 Introduction 48 2 Methods of Nano Emulsion Preparation (Fig. 2) 50 3 Types of Nanoparticle Delivery Systems (Fig. 3) 52 4 Benefits of Preparing Nano Emulsions from Plant Extracts 53 5 Applications of Citrus Nano Emulsions 53 6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 62 References 63 Nanoemulsions Synthesis from Seed Oil, Characterization, and Their Applications 66 1 Introduction 67 2 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoemulsions 68 3 Application of Nanoemulsion from Seed Oil 74 3.1 In Biotechnology 74 3.2 Antimicrobial Activity 75 3.3 Drug Delivery Activity 75 3.4 In Cosmetics 76 3.5 In Food Industry 76 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 77 References 78 Food and Agriculture 11 Role of Green Nanoemulsion in Controlling Food Spoilage 81 1 Introduction 82 2 Food Spoilage 83 2.1 Mechanism 83 2.2 Physical Spoilage 83 3 Microbial Food Contamination 84 3.1 Principal Microbes Involved in Food Rotting 84 3.2 Food Oxidative Deterioration 85 4 Control Food Spoilage by Bioactive Food Fresh-Keeping Films 85 5 Nanoemulsions 85 5.1 Formulation of NEs 85 6 Green Micro Emulsions and NEs 88 7 Nano Formulated Essential Oils as Novel Green Preservatives 89 8 NEs in Food Industry 90 8.1 Food Edible Coatings 91 8.2 Essential Oils for Food Preservation in Nano Encapsulation 91 8.3 Functions of Essential Oils n-emulsion as Food Additives 92 9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 93 References 94 Use of Nanoemulsions in Pesticide Formulation 98 1 Introduction 98 2 Components of Nanoemulsion 100 2.1 Oil Phase 100 2.2 Surfactants 101 3 Types of Nanoemulsion 102 3.1 Microemulsion 102 3.2 Emulsifiable Concentrates 103 4 Developments of Nanoemulsions-Based Pesticide 103 4.1 Preparation Method of Nanoemulsions-Based Pesticides 103 4.2 Chemical Composition of Pesticide Nanoemulsions 106 4.3 Optimization and Characterization of Nanoemulsion-Based Pesticides 107 4.4 Accumulation, Dispersion, and Evaporation of Pesticide Nanoemulsions 110 4.5 Advantageous of Nanoemulsion-Based Pesticide Formulations 115 5 Biological Properties of Nanoemulsion-Based Pesticides 116 5.1 Nanoemulsion as Fungicidal Agents 117 5.2 Nanoemulsion as Nematicidal Agents 117 5.3 Nanoemulsion as Insecticidal Agents 118 5.4 Nanoemulsion as Herbicidal Agents 119 6 Conclusion 119 References 121 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Nanoemulsion and Their Applications 129 1 Introduction 130 2 NE Synthesis 131 3 Properties of Nanoemulsion 134 4 Applications 135 4.1 Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture 135 4.2 Nanotechnology and PGPR 136 4.3 Plant Membrane Absorption of Nanoparticles and Possible Consequences 141 5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 141 References 142 Biomedical Application 11 Antimicrobial Activities of Nanoemulsion 148 1 Introduction 149 2 Formulation of Nanoemulsions 151 2.1 Oil Phase 152 2.2 Aqueous Phase 152 2.3 Stabilizers 152 3 Antimicrobial Application of Nanoemulsions 153 3.1 Antibacterial Activities 153 3.2 Antifungal Activities 155 4 Mechanism of Action of Nanoemulsion as Antimicrobial Activities 157 5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 158 References 158 Role of Nanoemulsion in Lung Cancer Treatment 162 1 Introduction 163 2 Lung Cancer 164 2.1 Traditional Treatment for Lung Cancer 164 3 Nanoemulsions in the Treatment of Lung Cancer 165 4 Advantages of Nanoemulsions 167 5 Nanoemulsions for Lung Cancer: Clinical Aspects and Commercialisation 167 6 Conclusion 168 References 168 Nanoemulsions-Based Systems for Breast Cancer Treatment 172 1 Introduction 173 2 Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer 174 3 Prevalence/Epidemiology 175 4 Traditional Treatment of Breast Cancer and Drawbacks 177 5 Overview of Nanoemulsions 178 6 Nanoemulsion for Treatment of Breast Cancer 178 7 Conclusion 182 References 182 Treatment of Liver and Gastric Cancer Using Nanoemulsion 186 1 Introduction 187 2 Statistics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma or Liver Cancer 188 3 Statistics of Gastric Cancer 188 4 Gastric Cancer with Liver Metastasis: New Classified Evolution 189 5 Use of NE as Therapeutic Agent 189 6 Using NE as a Distinct Strategy in Both Cancer Treatments 190 7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 197 References 197 Nanoemulsion Applications in the Wound-Healing Process 201 1 Introduction 202 2 Emulsion Formation 204 3 Methods of Preparation 205 3.1 Dry Gum Method 205 3.2 Wet Gum Method 205 4 Wound and the Process of Rebuilding 206 4.1 Hemostasis Phase 207 4.2 Inflammatory Phase 208 4.3 Proliferative Phase 208 4.4 Remodeling/Maturation Phase 208 5 Nanoemulsions Application in Wound Healing 210 5.1 Nanoemulsions of Essential Oils for Wound Healing 211 5.2 Nanoemulsion-Based Gels for Wound Healing 213 5.3 Miscellaneous Formulations of Nanoemulsion for Wound Healing 215 6 Conclusion 217 References 217 Nanoemulsions Challenges and Future Prospects as a Drug Delivery System 220 1 Introduction 221 2 Types of Nano-Emulsions 224 3 Components of a Nano-Emulsion 226 4 Manufacturing Nano-Emulsions 227 4.1 Method of Preparation of Nano-Emulsion 228 5 Drug Delivery Applications 233 5.1 Oral Delivery 233 5.2 Parenteral Delivery 234 5.3 Transdermal and Topical Delivery 234 5.4 Intranasal Delivery 235 5.5 Ocular Delivery 236 6 Kinetics of Drug Release 238 7 Stability in Nano-Emulsions 238 8 Future Prospects 240 9 Conclusion 242 References 242 Role of Nanoemulsions in Cosmetics 247 1 Introduction 248 2 Method of Synthesis 249 2.1 High Energy Methods 249 2.2 Low Energy Methods 250 3 Challenges of Nanoemulsions in Cosmetics 251 4 Nanoemulsions as a Potential Carrier in Cosmeceuticals 252 4.1 Dermal Application 256 4.2 Nanoemulsions as a Novel Vehicle in Skin Care 258 4.3 Nanoemulsions in Hair System Care 259 5 Conclusion 259 References 260 Uses of Nanoemulsions in Pharmaceuticals Industries 264 1 Introduction 266 2 Nanoemulsified Essential Oils Can Overcome the Limitations of Pure Oils 267 3 Methods of Nanoemulsion Preparation 267 3.1 High-Energy Emulsification Methods 268 3.2 Low-Energy Emulsification Methods 270 3.3 Methods for Preparation of Reverse Nanoemulsions 271 4 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Activities and Applications of Nanoemulsions 272 4.1 Antioxidant Activity 272 4.2 Antimicrobial Activity 274 4.3 Antiviral Activity 279 4.4 Anti-inflammatory Activity 281 4.5 Anticancer Activity 283 4.6 Hepatoprotective Activity 288 4.7 Antipyretic Activity 289 4.8 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Activity 289 5 Conclusion 290 References 290 Safety Regulation of Nanoemulsion in the Food, Agriculture and Biomedical Sector 299 1 Introduction 300 2 NEs Security 301 2.1 NEs in Food 301 2.2 NEs in Agriculture 302 2.3 NEs in Biomedical Sector 303 3 Safety Regulation in NEs 304 3.1 Composition of NEs 305 3.2 NEs Administration Method 306 4 Conclusion and Perspectives 308 References 309