Current Cancer Biomarkers

Current Cancer Biomarkers is a comprehensive review on the status of biological markers for various types of cancer. It aims to update readers on current developments on the subject. The contents are divided into 5 sections covering a wide range of biomarkers and their diagnostic applications. The range of tumour biomarkers referenced here gives insights into molecular mechanisms behind cancer, including initiation, development, progression, prognosis, response to the therapeutic modalities, recurrence, and point-of-care application to detect cancer. Key features - Introduction of the basic features of cancer markers - Comprehensive and updated coverage of potential and effective biomarkers including genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, cellular and morphologic factors - Information on biomarkers in many types of cancers including breast cancer, colorectal cancer, skin cancer, leukemia, liver cancer and prostate cancer - Applications of biomarkers in cancer diagnosis - Structured contents with easy-to-understand sections and headings - References for advanced readers The updated information about different aspects of cancer markers in the experimental and clinical setting will enrich the reader's understanding of the disease. The information serves as a resource to help in better management of cancer patients and understanding cancer biology when planning medical research projects. The book is intended as a reference for a diverse audience: biomedical science students, medical students, academics, researchers, clinicians and multidisciplinary teams involved in cancer management and research. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Foreword Preface List of Contributors Part 1: Introduction and Clinically Used Biomarker Introduction: Current Status and Future Advances in Cancer Biomarkers Farhadul Islam1,* INTRODUCTION Classical Cancer Biomarker Diagnostic Cancer Biomarkers Prognostic Cancer Biomarkers Predictive Cancer Biomarkers Future Cancer Biomarkers CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNKOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Tumour Markers in Clinical Use Sujani M. K. Gamage1,2,*, Chamath D. Ranaweera3,4, Tracie T. Cheng1, Sharmin Aktar1,5, Vinod Gopalan1 and Farhadul Islam6 INTRODUCTION Markers for Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis Prediction of Prognosis Follow up Markers for Breast Cancer Markers for Thyroid Cancer Importance of Thyroglobulin in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC) Surveillance after Thyroidectomy Determination of the Requirement of Radioactive Iodine Therapy Importance of Calcitonin in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC) Marker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening Staging and Further Assessment Surveillance in HCC Markers for Gall Bladder and Cholangiocarcinoma Screening Diagnosis Follow up Markers for Pancreatic Carcinoma Screening Diagnosis and Workup Follow up Markers for Ovarian Carcinoma Screening Diagnosis Follow up Markers for Testicular Carcinoma Beta-hCG (β-hCG) Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) Markers in Neuroendocrine Tumours Markers in Prostate Cancer Screening Diagnosis Treatment Follow up CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Part 2: DNA/RNA Biomarkers DNA Methylation Landscapes in Cancer and Non-Cancer Cells Shaun Stangl1,* and Vinod Gopalan1,* INTRODUCTION Normal DNA Methylation Location Aberrant DNA Methylation in Cancer Genomes Methylation-Based Biomarkers Bladder Cancer Breast Cancer Colorectal Cancer Lung Cancer Ovarian Cancer Prostate Cancer CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT OF PUBLICATION: CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES Karyotyping and Chromosomal Aberrations in Cancer: Molecular and Diagnostic Biomarkers Tracie T. Cheng1,*, Sujani M. K. Gamage1,2, Sharmin Aktar1, Vinod Gopalan1 and Farhadul Islam3,4 INTRODUCTION CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND CANCER The Cell Cycle Condensed Structural Aberrations and Associated Cancer Markers Genetic Biomarkers for Structural Chromosome Aberrations DNA Damage Checkpoint Replication Fork DNA Repair Characteristic Aneuploidy as a Cancer Marker and Its Associated Genes The Centrosome and the Centromere The Kinetochore-Microtubule Complex The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Tumour DNA Sequencing Farhadul Islam1,* INTRODUCTION Genetic Alterations in Cancer Genetic Tests for Cancer Breast Cancer Ovarian Cancer Colorectal Cancer Thyroid Cancer Prostate Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Lung Cancer Skin Cancer Cancer Genome Sequencing: The Future of Precision Medicine CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Circulating Tumour DNA: A Promising Cancer Biomarker Sharmin Aktar1,2, Plabon Kumar Das3, Vinod Gopalan1, Alfred King-yin Lam1, 4 and Farhadul Islam5,* INTRODUCTION CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA (CTDNA) Biology of ctDNA The Mechanism of ctDNA Entry into the Bloodstream Detection of ctDNA ctDNA as a Promising Biomarker in Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis ctDNA as Diagnostic Biomarker ctDNA as Prognostic Biomarker Challenges CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Circulating Tumour Cells in Solid Cancer Sharmin Aktar1,2, Tracie T. Cheng1, Sujani M. K. Gamage1,3, Vinod Gopalan1 and Farhadul Islam3,4,* INTRODUCTION Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs): Cytomorphology, Biology and Isolation Techniques CTCs in Solid Cancers Breast Cancer Lung Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers Head and Neck Cancer Prostate Cancer Renal Carcinoma Other Cancers CTCs as Surrogate Biomarker in Clinical Application CTCs as Diagnostic Biomarkers CTCs as Prognostic Biomarkers for Survival Analysis CTCS AS A PREDICTIVE BIOMARKER In Treatment Monitoring In Risk of Disease Relapse Current Challenges in CTC Clinical Research CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Part 3: Protein/Enzyme Biomarkers Protein Cancer Biomarkers Sarath S. Joseph1, Dan H. V. Tran1, Farhadul Islam2 and Vinod Gopalan1,* INTRODUCTION PROTEIN BIOMARKERS α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA) BRAF Breast Cancer Gene 1 and 2 (BRCA 1 and 2) Calretinin CD117 CD20 CD30 Chromogranin A Cytokeratin (TPA, TPS & CYFRA 21.1) Desmin Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Echinoderm Microtubule-Associated Protein-Like 4 (EML4) and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) Fusion (EML4-ALK Fusion) Estrogen Receptor/Progesterone Receptor (ER/PR) FIP1-like-1/Platelet-derived Growth Factor Alpha (FIP1L1-PDGFRα) Friend Leukaemia Integration-1 Protein (FLI-1) Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) Gross Cystic Disease Fluid Protein-15 (GCDFP-15) Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)/neu hPG80 Human Melanoma Black 45 (HMB-45) Inhibin Keratin 17 and 19 KRAS Melanoma Antigen Recognized by T cells 1 (MART-1) Myogenic Differentiation 1 (MyoD1) Muscle-Specific Actin (MSA) Neurofilament Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR) Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein–Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha (PML/RARα) S100 Synaptophysin Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 (TTF-1) Vimentin CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Enzymes: Tumour Associated Biomarker Farhadul Islam1,* INTRODUCTION Enzyme Biomarkers in Cancer Ghrelin O-Acyl Transferase (GOAT) Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) Alkaline Phosphatases (ALPs) Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1) Tumour M2-PK Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) Carbonic Anhydrase XII (CAXII) Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) Hexokinase (HK) Glocuse-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Glycoproteins and Cancer Biomarkers Md Abedul Haque1,* INTRODUCTION Protein Glycosylation in Cancer Glycoproteins as Cancer Biomarkers Glycoproteins in Liver Cancer α-fetoprotein (AFP) Sialyl Lewis A antigen (CA19-9) Glycoproteins in Prostate Cancer Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Glycoproteins in Ovarian Cancer CA125 (Cancer Antigen 125) Human Epidermis Protein 4 (WFDC2) Glycoproteins in Breast Cancer Mucin 1 (MUC1) Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Glycoproteins in Colon Cancer CEA Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) Glycoproteins in Lung Cancer Mucins Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) CEA Glycoproteins in Pancreatic Cancer Cancer Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) CEA CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Part 4: Hormone & Small Molecular Biomarkers Hormones as Cancer Biomarkers Plabon Kumar Das1, 2 and Farhadul Islam1, 2,* INTRODUCTION HORMONES AS BIOMARKERS IN VARIOUS CANCERS Peptide Hormones as Cancer Biomarkers Calcitonin Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Insulin Gastrin Glucagon Prolactin Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Steroid Hormones as Biomarker for Various Cancers Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES miRNAs as Epigenetic Cancer Biomarker Afraa Mamoori1,* INTRODUCTION MiRNAs and Epigenetics Mode of Action of MicroRNAs Targets Selection by MicroRNAs MiRNAs and Clinical Facts Over 60% of Human Protein-coding Genes are Controlled by miRNA Tissue-specific miRNAs miRNAs Expressed in Different types of Body Fluid, and They are Highly Stable in Human Samples miRNAs are Relevant Biomarkers in Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis Commercialized miRNAs, which are Currently in Clinical Practice as Diagnostic Markers miRview Meso Test miRview Squamous miRview Lung miRview Mets miRview Kidney Mirnas as Crucial Regulatory Marker in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Process CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Part 5: Novel Methods for Cancer Biomarker Detection Electrochemical and Optical Detection of MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Cancer Diagnosis Riham Zayani1, Amira Ben Hassine1, Amal Rabti1, Amal Raouafi1 and Noureddine Raouafi1,* INTRODUCTION What are miRNAs? Biogenesis of miRNAs Biological Role of miRNAs miRNAs and Cancer OVERVIEW OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DETECTION METHODS Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Catalytic Hairpin Assembly Rolling Circle Amplification Hybridization Chain Reaction ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION METHODS Amperometry Potentiometry Classical Potentiometric Biosensors FET-Based Biosensors Cyclic Voltammetry Differential Pulse Voltammetry Square Wave Voltammetry Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy OPTICAL DETECTION METHODS FLUORESCENCE Signal ON Biosensors Signal OFF Biosensors FRET Biosensors UV-Visible Surface Plasmon Resonance Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABBREVIATIONS REFERENCES Electrochemical Biosensor for Cancer Biomarkers Detection Md Arifuzzaman1, Mostafa Kamal Masud2,3, Asif Ahmed4, Md Morsaline Billah4 and Md Nazmul Islam5,6,* INTRODUCTION SOME KEY TERMS IN BIOSENSOR-BASED ASSAYS TYPES OF BIOSENSORS ELECTROCHEMICAL READOUT METHODS ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR FOR NUCLEIC ACID BIOMARKERS Electrochemical DNA Sensors Electrochemical RNA Sensors ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS FOR PROTEIN BIOMARKERS ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS FOR CIRCULATING TUMOUR CELLS ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS FOR EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Subject Index Back Cover