Current anaerobic digestion technologies used for the treatment of municipal organic solid waste [Electronic resource]: contractor's report to The Board

Index of Tables......Page 6 Acknowledgments......Page 7 Executive Summary......Page 8 Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 11 Glossary of Terms......Page 13 Digestion Process Description......Page 16 U.S. and California......Page 18 Europe......Page 21 Categories of Engineered AD Systems......Page 22 Material Handling Systems......Page 25 Review of Commercial AD Technologies for MSW Treatment......Page 29 Waasa......Page 30 BIMA......Page 31 Single-stage Dry Systems......Page 32 Organic Waste Systems (Dranco Process)......Page 33 Waste Recovery Systems, Inc. (Steinmüller Valorga process)......Page 37 Kompogas AG (Kompogas process)......Page 39 Multi-Stage Digesters......Page 42 Biotechnische Abfallverwertung GmbH & Co. KG (BTA)......Page 43 Linde-KCA-Dresden GmbH......Page 44 Super Blue Box Recycling (SUBBOR)......Page 45 WEHRLE Umwelt GmbH (Biopercolat)......Page 46 Biocel......Page 47 Sequential Batch Anaerobic Composting (SEBAC)......Page 50 Anaerobic Phased Solids (APS) Digester......Page 51 BioConverter......Page 53 Demonstration Plants and Proposed Commercial Digesters in the U.S.......Page 54 Europe......Page 60 Canada......Page 62 Others......Page 63 Biogas Yield......Page 65 Life Cycle Analysis......Page 69 Economics......Page 71 Costs......Page 74 Revenues......Page 76 The financial viability of AD projects depends greatly on the size of tipping fees received for treating the waste [50]. The average tipping fee for waste hauled to landfills in the U.S. in 2004 was $37.79 per MT ($34.29 per ton) [125]. Between 1985 and 1998 tipping fees increased at a relatively steady rate of $2 per year, but tipping fees stagnated after 1998. They were also found to vary widely by region [125]. In 2004 tipping fees ranged from $26 per MT ($24 per ton) in the central U.S. to $77 per MT ($70 per ton) in the northeastern U.S. In California, landfills received an average of $34 per MT ($31 per ton) in 2000, which was actually slightly lower than the average 1995 tipping fee, but within California tipping fees ranged from $2.75 per MT ($2.50 per ton) to $94 per MT ($85 per ton) . Because AD facilities only treat OFMSW, the tipping fees charged could be different from those charged by landfills and MRFs. Tipping fees charged by incineration facilities have historically been slightly higher than landfill tipping fees [125]. The price of tipping fees received by AD facilities could be influenced by transportation costs, environmental restrictions and land pressures, as well as competition between facilities accepting OFMSW, especially as the sector expands. Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 78 Technological Issues......Page 79 Wastewater Treatment......Page 81 Landfill......Page 82 Composting......Page 83 Source Reference Notes......Page 84