Cunningham's Textbook of Veterinary Physiology - E-Book : Cunningham's Textbook of Veterinary Physiology - E-Book

Physiology is the study of the normal functions of the body—the study of the body’s molecules, cells, and organ systems and the interrelationships among them. Because the study of medicine is the study of the abnormal functions of the body, it is essential to understand normal physiology if one is to understand the mechanisms of disease. For this reason, physiology and other important sciences basic to medicine are introduced frst in the veterinary curriculum. Physiology is a vast subject, and veterinary students are too busy to learn all that is known about it. Berefore, an effort was made to limit the concepts presented in this book to those germane to the practice of veterinary medicine. Because the scope of physiology encompasses many scientifc disciplines and levels of analysis, the authors not only represent the feld of physiology, but others such as neuroscience, cell biology, and molecular biology. Some of the authors are also veterinarians, but all have consulted with veterinary clinicians regarding content. Sections on the immune system and cancer underscore the intimate relationship between the understanding of cell and molecular biology, physiological function, and veterinary medicine. This book is designed for frst-year veterinary students. The goal is to introduce the student to the principles and concepts of physiology that are pertinent to the practice of veterinary medicine. Other goals are to introduce the reader to physiopathology and clinical problem-solving techniques and to help the reader understand the relationship between physiology and the practice of veterinary medicine. Tis book is designed to be as student friendly as possible. New concepts in the text are introduced by a declarative statement designed to summarize the essential point. Tis format also helps the reader survey the chapter or review for an examination. Tese declarative statements are also listed at the beginning of the chapter as an outline of Key Points.Chapters include one or more Clinical Correlations at the end. Tese are designed to show the reader how knowledge of physiology is applied to the diagnosis and treatment of veterinary patients. Tey also provide the student with an additional way to think through the principles and concepts presented, and they can serve as a basis for classroom case discussions. Several Practice Questions are included in each chapter as another method for students to review the book’s content. The brief Bibliography for each chapter is designed to lead the reader to more advanced textbooks, as veterinary students are ofen too busy to read original literature. However, for those who may find the time, some original literature references are also included in several chapters. Accompanying resources for the text can be found on Elsevier’s Evolve website. Tese include additional Practice Questions and Clinical Correlations, as well as relevant animations from Elsevier’s existing collection. Instructors will appreciate the items in the illustration bank, which can be downloaded into PowerPoint format. A nascent Glossary has been added to the site that will continue to grow in subsequent editions. The terms included represent a subset of the italicized words in the printed text. In addition to insuring that the information in this latest edition is accurate and up-to-date, some notable improvements include an expansion of the number of fgures and in-text Clinical Correlations; reorganization of the introductory chapter of the Gastrointestinal Physiology and Metabolism portion; addition of sections on micturition, visceral afference, and hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome); expanded information on electrocardiogram and heart sounds, renal system transporters, feline hyperthyroidism, gut peptides, and rumen motility and digesta flow. Te expertise of two authors, Drs. Ayman I. Sayegh and Juan E. Romano, has been respectively added to existing expertise in the areas of gastrointestinal physiology and male reproductive physiology. Suggestions of ways to improve this text in subsequent editions are always welcome. Particular thanks are due to the book’s medical illustrator, Mr. George Barile, who drew the new illustrations for this edition and to Ms. Jeanne Robertson who revised much of the existing artwork. Tanks are also in order for the folks at Elsevier who were instrumental in producing the ffh edition, among them Kate Dobson, Carol O’Connell, Heidi Pohlman, Penny Rudolph, Shelly Stringer, and particularly Brandi Graham who always kept a cool head and pleasant demeanor while dealing with innumerable crises and complexities. Drs. Virginia BuechnerMaxwell, Ian Herring, William Huckle, and Bonnie Smith unselfishly provided their valuable opinions on various aspects of the book that resulted in its improvement. Furthermore, this book would not exist without the invaluable expertise of the section authors/editors who worked so hard to make this the best veterinary physiology text possible. A great debt is due to Dr. Jim Cunningham, whose vision, guidance, and expertise made the Textbook of Veterinary Physiology a reality and a success. The instructional style he instituted continues in this edition, and will continue in future editions of the text. And last, thanks are due to the many veterinary students whose constructive suggestions for improvements have led to the current edition of the book. Brad Klein Section I: The Cell Steven R. Heidemann 1 Te Molecular and Cellular Bases of Physiological Regulation 1 Clinical Correlations: Peripheral Edema 25 2 Cancer: A Disease of Cellular Proliferation, Life Span, and Death 27 Clinical Correlations: Dog Tat Collapsed While Running 45 Section II: Neurophysiology Bradley G. Klein and James G. Cunningham Chapter 16 edited by John H. Rossmeisl, Jr. 3 Introduction to the Nervous System 48 Clinical Correlations: Neurological Disease in a Horse 52 4 Te Neuron 53 Clinical Correlations: Hypoglycemia 58 Salt Toxicity in Pot Belly Pig 59 5 Te Synapse 61 Clinical Correlations: Myasthenia Gravis 66 Tetanus 66 6 Te Physiology of Muscle 68 Clinical Correlations: Down Cow afer Calving 75 Malignant Hyperthermia 75 7 Te Concept of a Reflex 77 Clinical Correlations: Trauma in a Foal 79 8 Skeletal Muscle Receptor Organs 81 Clinical Correlations: Femoral Nerve Mononeuropathy 85 Obturator Nerve Paralysis in a Cow Post-Calving 85 9 Te Concept of Lower and Upper Motor Neurons and Teir Malfunction 87 Clinical Correlations: Lower Motor Neuron Disease 89 Upper Motor Neuron Disease 89 10 Te Central Control of Movement 91 Clinical Correlations: Focal Lesion of the Motor Cortex 100 Cow with Hypomagnesemia 101xii CONTENTS 11 Te Vestibular System 103 Clinical Correlations: Vestibular Syndrome in a Dog 109 Horse with Vestibular Disease 110 12 Te Cerebellum 111 Clinical Correlations: Cerebellar Hypoplasia 116 Newborn Calf Unable to Rise 116 13 Te Autonomic Nervous System 118 Clinical Correlations: Horner’s Syndrome 127 Colic from Administration of Atropine to Treat Corneal Ulcer 127 14 Te Visual System 129 Clinical Correlations: Homonymous Hemianopia 135 Uveitis in a Horse 136 15 Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Blood-Brain Barrier 138 Clinical Correlations: Increased Intracranial Pressure 143 Seizures in a Foal 143 16 Te Electroencephalogram and Sensory-Evoked Potentials 145 Clinical Correlations: Brain Tumor 150 17 Hearing 152 Clinical Correlations: Congenital Deafness 157 Section III: Cardiovascular Physiology Robert B. Stephenson 18 Overview of Cardiovascular Function 158 Clinical Correlations: Lethargic Kid Goat 168 Colic and Endotoxic Shock in Horse Secondary to Strongylus Parasitism 169 19 Electrical Activity of the Heart 171 Clinical Correlations: Tird-Degree Atrioventricular Block 186 20 Te Electrocardiogram 188 Clinical Correlations: Dilative Cardiomyopathy with Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia 198 21 Te Heart as a Pump 200 Clinical Correlations: Pulmonic Stenosis 210 Older Horse with Exercise Intolerance 211 22 Te Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations 213 Clinical Correlations: Canine Heartworm Disease with Pulmonary Embolism 222 Dummy Foal: Hypoxemic Ischemic Encephalopathy 222CONTENTS xiii 23 Capillaries and Fluid Exchange 224 Clinical Correlations: Acute Protein-Losing Enteropathy in a Horse 233 24 Local Control of Blood Flow 235 Clinical Correlations: Patent Ductus Arteriosus 240 Endotoxemia in a Foal 241 25 Neural and Hormonal Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Volume 243 Clinical Correlations: Intraoperative Hemorrhage 250 26 Integrated Cardiovascular Responses 252 Clinical Correlations: Exercise Intolerance Secondary to Congestive Heart Failure 259 Cow with “Hardware Disease” 260 Section IV: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract Thomas H. Herdt and Ayman I. Sayegh 27 Regulation of the Gastrointestinal Functions 263 28 Motility Patterns of the Gastrointestinal Tract 274 Clinical Correlations: Equine Rabies 285 29 Secretions of the Gastrointestinal Tract 288 Clinical Correlations: Horse in Pain with Weight Loss 294 Pancreatitis in a Dog 295 30 Digestion and Absorption: Te Nonfermentative Processes 297 Clinical Correlations: Diarrhea with Dehydration and Acidosis in a Calf 317 Juvenile Pancreatic Atrophy in a Dog 318 31 Digestion: Te Fermentative Processes 320 Clinical Correlations: Grain Engorgement Toxemia 339 Impaction Colic 340 32 Postabsorptive Nutrient Utilization 342 Clinical Correlations: Hepatic Lipidosis in a Cat 356 Hyperlipemia in a Horse 356 Section V: Endocrinology Deborah S. Greco and †George H. Stabenfeldt 33 Te Endocrine System 359 Clinical Correlations: Equine Cushing’s Disease 372 Agalactic Mare 373 34 Endocrine Glands and Teir Function 374 Clinical Correlations: Diabetes Mellitus 405 Pancreatic Tumor in a German Shepherd 406xiv CONTENTS Section VI: Reproduction and Lactation Autumn P. Davidson and †George H. Stabenfeldt Chapter 40 by Juan E. Romano and Steven P. Brinsko 35 Control of Gonadal and Gamete Development 408 Clinical Correlations: Androgen Insensitivity 414 36 Control of Ovulation and the Corpus Luteum 416 Clinical Correlations: Inability to Impregnate a Mare 420 Persistent Luteal Phase in the Mare 421 37 Reproductive Cycles 423 Clinical Correlations: Sexual Attractiveness in the Spayed Bitch 429 Trying to Get a Mare Pregnant 429 38 Pregnancy and Parturition 431 Clinical Correlations: Prolonged Gestation 436 Early Embryonic Death in a Mare 437 39 Te Mammary Gland 439 Clinical Correlations: Pregnant Mare Tat Does Not Have Sufcient Milk or Udder Development 449 Neonatal Isoerythrolysis 449 40 Reproductive Physiology of the Male 451 Clinical Correlations: Infertility in a Stallion 458 Infertility in a Bull 459 Section VII: Renal Physiology Jill W. Verlander 41 Glomerular Filtration 460 Clinical Correlations: Chronic Renal Failure 466 Glomerulonephritis 467 42 Solute Reabsorption 469 Clinical Correlations: Glucosuria 478 Hypoadrenocorticism 478 43 Water Balance 481 Clinical Correlations: Diabetes Insipidus 485 Chronic Renal Insufciency 486 44 Acid-Base Balance 488 Clinical Correlations: Respiratory Acidosis with Renal Compensation 493 Metabolic Alkalosis with Paradoxical Aciduria 493 †DeceasedCONTENTS xv Section VIII: Respiratory Function N. Edward Robinson 45 Overview of Respiratory Function: Ventilation of the Lung 495 Clinical Correlations: Lung Fibrosis in the Dog 504 Chronic Airway Disease in the Horse 504 46 Pulmonary Blood Flow 506 Clinical Correlations: Brisket Disease in a Heifer 511 Stallion with Bilateral Epistaxis Post-Racing 511 47 Gas Exchange 513 Clinical Correlations: Hypoventilation in a Bulldog 519 Hypoxemia in an Anesthetized Clydesdale Horse 519 48 Gas Transport in the Blood 522 Clinical Correlations: Flea Infestation in a Cat 527 Atrial Fibrillation in a Horse 527 49 Control of Ventilation 529 Clinical Correlations: Hypoxemia with Hyperventilation in a Samoyed Puppy 534 Hypoventilation in an Anesthetized Saint Bernard 534 50 Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lung 536 Clinical Correlations: Pleuritis in a Toroughbred Horse 540 Mitral Insufciency in a Dog 541 Section IX: Homeostasis N. Edward Robinson 51 Fetal and Neonatal Oxygen Transport 543 Clinical Correlations: Patent Ductus Arteriosus in a Pomeranian 547 52 Acid-Base Homeostasis 549 Clinical Correlations: Upper Airway Obstruction in a Boston Terrier 555 Torsion of the Abomasum in a Cow 555 Neonatal Diarrhea in a Foal 556 53 Termoregulation 559 Clinical Correlations: Influenza in Pigs 567 Heat Stroke in a Boston Terrier 567 Section X: The Immune System S. Ansar Ahmed and Gerhardt G. Schurig 54 Antigens and Innate Immunity 569 Clinical Correlations: Swollen Lymph Nodes in a Colt 575 Heifer Calf with Recurrent Infection 576xvi CONTENTS 55 Te Specifc Immune Response: Acquired Immunity 578 Clinical Correlations: Unthrify Foal 585 Appendix A Answers to Practice Questions 587 Index 588 Clinical Correlati Understanding the normal functions of the body is essential for successful veterinary practice and for understanding the mechanisms of disease. The 5th edition of Textbook of Veterinary Physiology approaches this vast subject in a practical, user-friendly way that helps you understand how key concepts relate to clinical practice. From cell physiology to body system function to homeostasis and immune function, this comprehensive text gives you the solid foundation you need to provide effective veterinary care. Clinical Correlations boxes present case studies that illustrate how to apply physiology principles and concepts to the diagnosis and treatment of veterinary patients. Key Points at the beginning of each chapter introduce new concepts and help you prepare for exams. Practice questions at the end of each chapter test your understanding of what you've just read and provide valuable review for exams. Full-color format highlights helpful information and enhances learning with a wealth of illustrations that visually depict specific functions and conditions. Expanded resources on the companion Evolve website include state-of-the-art 3D animations, practice questions, a glossary, and additional Clinical Correlations not found in the text. Understanding the normal functions of the body is essential for successful veterinary practice and for understanding the mechanisms of disease. This text approaches this vast subject in a practical, user-friendly way that helps you understand how key concepts relate to clinical practice. From cell physiology to body system function to homeostasis and immune function, this comprehensive text gives you the solid foundation you need to provide effective veterinary care. Features include: Clinical Correlations boxes present case studies that illustrate how to apply physiology principles and concepts to the diagnosis and treatment of veterinary patients ; Key Points at the beginning of each chapter introduce new concepts and help you prepare for exams ; Practice questions at the end of each chapter test your understanding of what you've just read and provide valuable review for exams Understanding the normal functions of the body is essential for successful veterinary practice and for understanding the mechanisms of disease. The 5 th edition of Textbook of Veterinary Physiology approaches this vast subject in a practical, user-friendly way that helps you understand how key concepts relate to clinical practice. From cell physiology to body system function to homeostasis and immune function, this comprehensive text gives you the solid foundation you need to provide effective veterinary care.