CULTURE WARS: SECULAR-CATHOLIC CONFLICT IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE; ED. BY CHRISTOPHER CLARK

Across nineteenth-century Europe, the emergence of constitutional and democratic nation-states was accompanied by intense conflict between Catholics and anticlerical forces. At its peak, this conflict touched virtually every sphere of social life: schools, universities, the press, marriage and gender relations, burial rites, associational culture, the control of public space, folk memory and the symbols of nationhood. In short, these conflicts were 'culture wars', in which the values and collective practices of modern life were at stake. These 'culture wars' have generally been seen as a chapter in the history of specific nation-states. Yet it has recently become increasingly clear that the Europe of the mid- and later nineteenth century should also be seen as a common politico-cultural space. This book breaks with the conventional approach by setting developments in specific states within an all-European and comparative context, offering a fresh and revealing perspective on one of modernity's formative conflicts. Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Illustrations......Page 9 Contributors......Page 10 INTRODUCTION The European culture wars......Page 11 CHAPTER 1 The New Catholicism and the European culture wars......Page 21 REVIVAL......Page 23 THE ASCENDANCY OF ROME......Page 28 PRESS AND PUBLICITY......Page 33 RHETORIC AND REALITY......Page 46 CONCLUSION: MODERNITY AND THE CULTURE WARS......Page 54 CHAPTER 2 ‘Clericalism – that is our enemy!’: European anticlericalism and the culture wars......Page 57 ANTICLERICAL PROTAGONISTS IN THE EUROPEAN CULTURE WARS......Page 60 Themes of anticlerical propaganda......Page 70 EUROPEAN PUBLIC SPHERE, CULTURAL TRANSFER AND MODES OF ANTICLERICAL REPRESENTATION......Page 74 CONCLUSIONS......Page 85 INTRODUCTION......Page 87 ORIGINS AND FAULTLINES......Page 91 THE ROAD TO 1879......Page 97 THE WAR ON THE GROUND......Page 101 BEYOND 1905......Page 108 CHAPTER 4 The battle for monasteries, cemeteries and schools: Belgium......Page 112 FROM BARGAINING POLICY TO OPEN CONFLICT (1830–1857......Page 114 FLASHPOINT: THE MONASTIC LAW OF 1857......Page 119 THE SECULAR–CLERICAL PERMEATES PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE (1858–1878)......Page 123 THE SCHOOL WAR (1879–1884)......Page 128 CONCLUSIONS......Page 137 INTRODUCTION......Page 139 THE DUTCH SITUATION......Page 141 THE 'PROCESSION QUESTION' IN MAASTRICHT, LIMBURG AND THE NETHERLANDS......Page 148 CONCLUSIONS: THE IMPACT OF THE CULTURE WARS......Page 157 CHAPTER 6 Nonconformity, clericalism and ‘Englishness’: the United Kingdom......Page 162 CHAPTER 7 The assault on the city of Levites: Spain......Page 191 SANTANDER: A TALE OF TWO CITIES......Page 192 REBUILDING THE CITY OF GOD......Page 194 THE QUIET RESISTANCE OF THE GODLESS......Page 198 SETTING FIRE TO THE CITY OF THE LEVITES......Page 202 IN JUST DEFENCE OF THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY......Page 206 FLASHPOINTS......Page 212 'SPIRITUAL SNIPERS'......Page 220 WITH DRUMS AND BUGLES......Page 224 A MONUMENT FOR GIORDANO BRUNO......Page 227 CULTURE WARS IN ITALY: BETWEEN PRAGMATISM AND DRAMATISATION......Page 233 CHAPTER 9 Enemies at the gate: The Moabit Klostersturm and the Kulturkampf: Germany......Page 237 MISSION IMPOSSIBLE – THE RETURN OF THE DOMINICANS TO A CATHOLIC DIASPORA CITY......Page 241 CONVENT STORIES – THE UBRYK AFFAIR AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL SOCIETY......Page 244 CONLLECTIVE VIOLENCE – ANTI-CATHOLIC MEDIA AND THE MOABIT KLOSTERSTURM......Page 247 DEMOCRATIC DISCIPLINE – THE 'SUBJECTIVATIONS' OF POLITICAL CATHOLICISM......Page 253 INTENTIONS, LIMITS AND EFFECTS – THE KULTURKAMPF AS A FAILURE?......Page 257 TYPICALLY SWISS......Page 265 EVENTS AND SETTINGS......Page 269 IN SEARCH OF CLUES: THE ROLE OF WOMEN......Page 280 FROM VILLAGE QUARREL TO THE BATTLE OF THE SCHOOLS......Page 282 CONCLUSION......Page 291 CHAPTER 11 The Counter-Reformation’s last stand: Austria......Page 295 THE KULTURKAMPF ERA IN AUSTRIA......Page 297 COR JESU: THE CONFLICT IN TIROL......Page 302 MARIA IMMACULATA: THE CONFLICT IN UPPER AUSTRIA......Page 309 CONCLUSION: TOWARDS THE 'SECOND WAVE' AND BEYOND......Page 316 CHAPTER 12 The uncivil origins of civil marriage: Hungary......Page 323 LIBERALS AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH......Page 325 THE KOMÁROM 'DECLARATION OF WAR'......Page 328 'CONFESSIONALISM, INTOLERANCE, WEAKENING PATRIOTISM'......Page 335 THE LORDS OF THE RINGS......Page 342 THE NEW CATHOLICISM......Page 346 ANTICLERICALISM......Page 348 FRANCE......Page 350 BELGIUM......Page 354 THE NETHERLANDS......Page 357 BRITAIN......Page 360 SPAIN......Page 361 ITALY......Page 363 GERMANY......Page 365 SWITZERLAND......Page 367 AUSTRIA......Page 370 HUNGARY......Page 373 Index......Page 376 Twelve essays from a team of European experts examine the struggle that broke out between secular and religious forces in late nineteenth-century Europe. They highlight the role of trans-national forces and their interaction with local conditions. This collection combines an account of the impact of secular-religious strife, at the level of high politics, with case studies that elucidate the meaning of culture war for specific regions and communities. This book is about the struggle that broke out between secular and religious forces in late nineteenth-century Europe. With its genuinely European focus and its innovative approach, this volume offers a fresh and revealing perspective on one of the main formative conflicts of modern European history. The history of Catholic societies in nineteenth-century Europe was marked by the paradoxical intertwining of two transformative processes: secularisation and religious revival.