CULTURE WARS: SECULAR-CATHOLIC CONFLICT IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE; ED. BY CHRISTOPHER CLARK

Across nineteenth-century Europe, the emergence of constitutional and democratic nation-states was accompanied by intense conflict between Catholics and anticlerical forces. At its peak, this conflict touched virtually every sphere of social life: schools, universities, the press, marriage and gender relations, burial rites, associational culture, the control of public space, folk memory and the symbols of nationhood. In short, these conflicts were 'culture wars', in which the values and collective practices of modern life were at stake. These 'culture wars' have generally been seen as a chapter in the history of specific nation-states. Yet it has recently become increasingly clear that the Europe of the mid- and later nineteenth century should also be seen as a common politico-cultural space. This book breaks with the conventional approach by setting developments in specific states within an all-European and comparative context, offering a fresh and revealing perspective on one of modernity's formative conflicts. Cover Half-title Title Copyright Contents Illustrations Contributors INTRODUCTION The European culture wars CHAPTER 1 The New Catholicism and the European culture wars REVIVAL THE ASCENDANCY OF ROME PRESS AND PUBLICITY RHETORIC AND REALITY CONCLUSION: MODERNITY AND THE CULTURE WARS CHAPTER 2 ‘Clericalism – that is our enemy!’: European anticlericalism and the culture wars ANTICLERICAL PROTAGONISTS IN THE EUROPEAN CULTURE WARS Themes of anticlerical propaganda EUROPEAN PUBLIC SPHERE, CULTURAL TRANSFER AND MODES OF ANTICLERICAL REPRESENTATION CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 3 ‘Priest hits girl’: on the front line in the ‘war of the two Frances’ INTRODUCTION ORIGINS AND FAULTLINES THE ROAD TO 1879 THE WAR ON THE GROUND BEYOND 1905 CHAPTER 4 The battle for monasteries, cemeteries and schools: Belgium FROM BARGAINING POLICY TO OPEN CONFLICT (1830–1857 FLASHPOINT: THE MONASTIC LAW OF 1857 THE SECULAR–CLERICAL PERMEATES PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE (1858–1878) THE SCHOOL WAR (1879–1884) CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 5 Contested rituals and the battle for public space: the Netherlands INTRODUCTION THE DUTCH SITUATION THE 'PROCESSION QUESTION' IN MAASTRICHT, LIMBURG AND THE NETHERLANDS CONCLUSIONS: THE IMPACT OF THE CULTURE WARS CHAPTER 6 Nonconformity, clericalism and ‘Englishness’: the United Kingdom CHAPTER 7 The assault on the city of Levites: Spain SANTANDER: A TALE OF TWO CITIES REBUILDING THE CITY OF GOD THE QUIET RESISTANCE OF THE GODLESS SETTING FIRE TO THE CITY OF THE LEVITES IN JUST DEFENCE OF THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY CHAPTER 8 Roma o morte: culture wars in Italy FLASHPOINTS 'SPIRITUAL SNIPERS' WITH DRUMS AND BUGLES A MONUMENT FOR GIORDANO BRUNO CULTURE WARS IN ITALY: BETWEEN PRAGMATISM AND DRAMATISATION CHAPTER 9 Enemies at the gate: The Moabit Klostersturm and the Kulturkampf: Germany MISSION IMPOSSIBLE – THE RETURN OF THE DOMINICANS TO A CATHOLIC DIASPORA CITY CONVENT STORIES – THE UBRYK AFFAIR AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL SOCIETY CONLLECTIVE VIOLENCE – ANTI-CATHOLIC MEDIA AND THE MOABIT KLOSTERSTURM DEMOCRATIC DISCIPLINE – THE 'SUBJECTIVATIONS' OF POLITICAL CATHOLICISM INTENTIONS, LIMITS AND EFFECTS – THE KULTURKAMPF AS A FAILURE? CHAPTER 10 Village quarrels and national controversies: Switzerland TYPICALLY SWISS EVENTS AND SETTINGS IN SEARCH OF CLUES: THE ROLE OF WOMEN FROM VILLAGE QUARREL TO THE BATTLE OF THE SCHOOLS CONCLUSION CHAPTER 11 The Counter-Reformation’s last stand: Austria THE KULTURKAMPF ERA IN AUSTRIA COR JESU: THE CONFLICT IN TIROL MARIA IMMACULATA: THE CONFLICT IN UPPER AUSTRIA CONCLUSION: TOWARDS THE 'SECOND WAVE' AND BEYOND CHAPTER 12 The uncivil origins of civil marriage: Hungary LIBERALS AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH THE KOMÁROM 'DECLARATION OF WAR' 'CONFESSIONALISM, INTOLERANCE, WEAKENING PATRIOTISM' THE LORDS OF THE RINGS Annotated bibliography THE NEW CATHOLICISM ANTICLERICALISM FRANCE BELGIUM THE NETHERLANDS BRITAIN SPAIN ITALY GERMANY SWITZERLAND AUSTRIA HUNGARY Index Twelve essays from a team of European experts examine the struggle that broke out between secular and religious forces in late nineteenth-century Europe. They highlight the role of trans-national forces and their interaction with local conditions. This collection combines an account of the impact of secular-religious strife, at the level of high politics, with case studies that elucidate the meaning of culture war for specific regions and communities. This book is about the struggle that broke out between secular and religious forces in late nineteenth-century Europe. With its genuinely European focus and its innovative approach, this volume offers a fresh and revealing perspective on one of the main formative conflicts of modern European history. The history of Catholic societies in nineteenth-century Europe was marked by the paradoxical intertwining of two transformative processes: secularisation and religious revival. Edited By Christopher Clark And Wolfram Kaiser. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 336-365) And Index.