Culture and Values: A Survey of the Humanities, Volume I without Readings (with Resource Center Printed Access Card)

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47 Cycladic Art 48 The Minoans of Crete 49 The Discovery of Mycenae and Schliemann 53 From Bronze Age to Iron Age 54 Summary 55 Exercises 55 Chapter 2 Early Greece 58 The Early History of Greece 58 Homer and the Heroic Age 61 Greek Religion 61 The Homeric Epics 62 VALUES: Destiny 64 Art and Society in the Heroic Age 65 The Age of Colonization 66 The Visual Arts at Corinth and Athens 67 The Beginnings of Greek Sculpture 68 Sculpture and Painting in the Archaic Period 69 Architecture: The Doric and Ionic Orders 73 Music and Dance in Early Greece 75 Early Greek Literature and Philosophy 77 Lyric Poetry 77 The First Philosophers 78 Herodotus: The First Greek Historian 79 Summary 80 Exercises 80 Chapter 3 Classical Greece and the Hellenistic Period 82 Classical Civilization in Ancient Greece 82 The Classical Ideal 85 Drama and Philosophy in Classical Greece 86 The Drama Festivals of Dionysus 86 The Athenian Tragic Dramatists 88 VALUES: Civic Pride 88 Aristophanes and Greek Comedy 90 Philosophy in the Late Classical Period 91 Greek Music in the Classical Period 93 The Visual Arts in Classical Greece 94 Sculpture and Vase Painting in the Fifth Century 94 Architecture in the Fifth Century bce 96 Visual Arts in the Fourth Century bce 102 The Hellenistic Period 105 Summary 109 Exercises 110 Chapter 4 The Roman Legacy 112 The Importance of Rome 112 The Etruscans and Their Art 116 Republican Rome (509–31 BCE) 117 Literary Developments During the Republic 120 Roman Philosophy and Law 121 VOICES OF THEIR TIMES: A Dinner Party in Imperial Rome 121 Republican Art and Architecture 123 Imperial Rome (31 BCE–476 CE) 124 Augustan Literature: Virgil 125 VALUES: Empire 125 Augustan Sculpture 127 The Evidence of Pompeii 129 Roman Imperial Architecture 133 Rome as the Object of Satire 137 The End of the Roman Empire 137 Late Roman Art and Architecture 138 Summary 140 Exercises 141 Chapter 5 Ancient Civilizations of India and China 142 Indian Civilization 142 The Indus Valley Civilization 142 The Aryans 144 Buddha 146 The Emperor Ashoka 146 VOICES OF THEIR TIMES: War and Religion in the Age of Ashoka 147 Hindu and Buddhist Art 148 The Gupta Empire and Its Aftermath 149 Gupta Literature and Science 150 The Collapse of Gupta Rule 151 The Origins of Civilization in China 151 The Chou Dynasty 151 Confucianism and Taoism 152 The Unification of China: The Ch'in, Han, and T'ang Dynasties 153 The Ch’in Dynasty 153 The Han Dynasty 154 The T’ang Dynasty 155 The Arts in Classical China 155 Summary 157 Exercises 159 Chapter 6 The Rise of the Biblical Tradition 160 Judaism and Early Christianity 161 Biblical History 162 The Hebrew Bible and Its Message 164 The Beginnings of Christianity 166 VALUES: Revelation 166 Christianity Spreads 167 VOICES OF THEIR TIMES: Vibia Perpetua 168 Early Christian Art 170 Frescoes 170 Glass and Sculpture 171 Inscriptions 171 Dura-Europos 171 Early Christian Architecture 173 Early Christian Music 174 Summary 175 Exercises 176 Chapter 7 Byzantium 178 The Decline of Rome 178 Literature and Philosophy 179 Boethius 181 The Ascendancy of Byzantium 182 Constantinople 182 Church of Hagia Sophia: Monument and Symbol 183 Ravenna: Art and Architecture 186 VALUES: Autocracy 191 Saint Catherine’s Monastery at Mount Sinai, Egypt 194 The Persistence of Byzantine Culture 196 Russia 196 Italy 196 Byzantine Art 196 Byzantine Culture 197 Summary 197 Exercises 198 Chapter 8 Islam 200 Muhammad and the Birth of Islam 200 The Five Pillars 201 VALUES: Pure Monotheism 203 The Growth of Islam 204 The Qur’an 204 Calligraphy 205 Islamic Architecture 206 VOICES OF THEIR TIMES: Al-Ghazali on the Mystic Path 210 Sufism 210 The Culture of Islam and the West 211 The House of Wisdom 211 Vocabulary from the Islamic World 212 Summary 212 Exercises 213 Chapter 9 Charlemagne and the Rise of Medieval Culture 214 Charlemagne as Ruler and Diplomat 214 Charlemagne and Islam 216 Charlemagne and Economics 217 Learning in the Time of Charlemagne 218 Carolingian Culture 218 Monasticism 219 The Rule of Saint Benedict 219 VOICES OF THEIR TIMES: An Abbot, an Irish Scholar, and Charlemagne’s Biographer 220 Women and the Monastic Life 221 Music and Monasticism—Gregorian Chant 222 CD Track 1 Anonymous, “Victimae paschali Laudes” 222 Liturgical Music and the Rise of Drama 223 The Liturgical Trope 223 The Morality Play: Everyman 223 The Nonliturgical Drama of Hroswitha 224 The Legend of Charlemagne 224 Epic Poetry—The Song of Roland 225 The Visual Arts 226 The Illuminated Book 226 Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture 229 Charlemagne’s Palace at Aachen 229 The Carolingian Monastery 231 The Romanesque Style 232 Romanesque Sculpture 233 VALUES: Feudalism 235 Summary 235 Exercises 236 Chapter 10 High Middle Ages: The Search for Synthesis 238 The Significance of Paris 238 The Gothic Style 240 Suger’s Building Program for Saint Denis 240 The Mysticism of Light 244 The Many Meanings of the Gothic Cathedral 247 Music of the School of Notre Dame 251 CD Track 2 Léonin, “Viderunt omnes fi nes terre” from Magnus Liber Organi 12 Scholasticism 252 The Rise of the Universities 252 VALUES: Dialectics 254 VOICES OF THEIR TIMES: The Medieval Parent and the Medieval Student 255 Thomas Aquinas 257 Francis of Assisi 259 Dante's Divine Comedy 260 Summary 264 Exercises 264 Chapter 11 The Fourteenth Century: A Time of Transition 266 Calamity, Decay, and Violence 266 The Black Death 267 The Great Schism 269 VALUES: Natural Disaster and Human Response 270 The Hundred Years’ War 270 Literature in Italy, England, and France 271 Petrarch 271 Chaucer 272 Christine de Pisan 273 VOICES OF THEIR TIMES: John Ball 274 Art in Italy 275 The Italo-Byzantine Background 275 Giotto’s Break with the Past 279 The International Style in Siena, Italy 281 Art in Northern Europe 283 Late Gothic Architecture 285 Italy 285 England 287 A New Musical Style—Ars Nova 288 Guillaume de Machaut 289 CD Track 3 Guillaume de Machaut, The Credo (excerpt) from the Messe de Notre Dame 289 Francesco Landini 290 Summary 291 Exercises 291 Chapter 12 The Early Renaissance 294 Toward the Renaissance 294 Florence and the Renaissance 296 The Medici Era 303 Cosimo de’ Medici 303 Piero de’ Medici 307 Lorenzo de’ Medici (“The Magnificent”) 309 VALUES: Intellectual Synthesis 310 The Character of Renaissance Humanism 316 VOICES OF THEIR TIMES: Fra Savonarola 317 Two Styles of Humanism 318 Machiavelli 318 Erasmus 319 Music in the Fifteenth Century 320 Guillaume Dufay 320 Music in Medici Florence 321 Summary 321 Exercises 322 Pronunciation Glossary 324 Index 350 Photo Credits 363 Literary Credits 365