Cultural Manifold Analysis on National Character: Methodology of Cross-National and Longitudinal Survey (Behaviormetrics: Quantitative Approaches to Human Behavior, 10)

This book first presents an overview of the history of a national character survey by the Institute of Statistical Mathematics that has been conducted for more than 65 years. The Japanese National Character Survey, launched in 1953, is a rare longitudinal survey in the world of survey research based on rigorous statistical sampling theory, motivating other countries to launch similar longitudinal surveys, including the General Social Survey (GSS), the Allgemeine Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften (ALLBUS, German General Social Survey (GGSS)), Eurobarometer, and others. Since the early 1970s, the Japanese survey has been extended as a cross-national survey for more advanced research of the Japanese national character in a comparative context. Second, the book explains the paradigm of cross-national studies called the Cultural Manifold Analysis (CULMAN), developed in the longitudinal and cross-national surveys, with practical examples of analysis. This explanation will helphelps a wide range of readers to better understand the cross-national comparative surveys of attitudes, opinion, and social values as basic information for evidence-based policymaking and research. Preface References Acknowledgements Contents 1 History of the Japanese National Character Survey (JNCS) 1.1 Postwar Democracy: From Statistics for War to Statistics for Peace 1.1.1 Birth of “Statistical Mathematics”: Philosophy of Statistics 1.1.2 New Mission for Democracy 1.2 The Japanese National Character Survey (JNCS) Since 1953 1.2.1 History and Theory 1.3 Summary References 2 Findings of the Japanese National Character Survey (JNCS) 2.1 Start of the Longitudinal Survey 2.2 Early Analysis on Surveys 1953–1978 2.3 Data Analysis as of 2005 2.4 Longitudinal Data for 65 Years (1953–2018) 2.4.1 Overview 2.4.2 Gender 2.4.3 Lifestyle 2.4.4 Humans and Nature 2.4.5 Worry About Nuclear Power Plant Accidents 2.4.6 Self-Identified Social Stratums 2.4.7 Reward for One’s Serious Efforts 2.4.8 Japanese People’s Fundamental Religious Consciousness and Belief in the Existence of Soul 2.4.9 “Obake Chosa” (Ghost Survey): “Rational” and “Non-rational” Types 2.5 Summary References 3 Cross-National Comparative Survey on People’s Consciousness 3.1 History and Tasks of Our Cross-National Survey 3.1.1 New Development of JNCS 3.1.2 Translation and Back-Translation 3.1.3 Sampling Methods 3.2 Paradigm for Cross-National Comparison 3.2.1 Cultural Link Analysis (CLA) and Cultural Manifold Analysis (CULMAN) 3.2.2 People’s Way of Thinking 3.2.3 Hayashi’s Quantification Method III (QMIII) 3.3 Procedure of Cross-National Survey: Designing a Questionnaire and Sampling, Pretest, Nationwide Survey, Data Cleaning, and Data Analysis 3.4 People’s General Response Tendencies 3.4.1 Some Observations on Response Tendency 3.4.2 Cross-National Difference of Choice of Middle Category 3.4.3 Degrees of Self-disclosure: National Differences and Gender Differences 3.5 Summary References 4 Development of CLA & CULMAN 4.1 Early Comparative Analysis of Japanese, Overseas Nikkei, and Westerners 4.1.1 “Giri-Ninjyo” Scale: Measurement of Japaneseness 4.1.2 Tradition Versus Modernization 4.1.3 Leadership 4.1.4 Science and Heart/Mind 4.1.5 Nature 4.2 Interpersonal Trust, Institutional Trust, and Other Social Values 4.2.1 Trust and People 4.2.2 Interpersonal Trust of the Japanese 4.2.3 Cross-National Survey on Trust and Universal Social Values 4.2.4 Sense of Trust Among Japanese Immigrants and Ethnic Differences 4.2.5 Universal Social Values on Human Bonds 4.2.6 For Future Study of Trust 4.3 Summary References 5 Further Development of CULMAN: Expanding of Comparability 5.1 Re-Categorizations of Responses to Reduce Differences of General Response Tendencies 5.2 Connection Between Overlapping Local Charts Across Time Differences 5.3 Universality of Values 5.4 Resolution of Intrinsic Difference between Eastern and Western Religions 5.5 QMIII on GSS 3 Questions of Trust 5.6 Local Charts of International Political Relations 5.7 For Future Development: Some Discussion on Survey Cooperation Rates 5.8 Summary References 6 Conclusion: For Future Research 6.1 Survey Research for Mutual Understanding of the World 6.2 Global Cultural Manifold 6.3 Democracy References This book first presents an overview of the history of a national character survey by the Institute of Statistical Mathematics that has been conducted for more than 65 years. The Japanese National Character Survey, launched in 1953, is a rare longitudinal survey in the world of survey research based on rigorous statistical sampling theory, motivating other countries to launch similar longitudinal surveys, including the General Social Survey (GSS), the Allgemeine Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften (ALLBUS, German General Social Survey (GGSS)), Eurobarometer, and others. Since the early 1970s, the Japanese survey has been extended as a cross-national survey for more advanced research of the Japanese national character in a comparative context. Second, the book explains the paradigm of cross-national studies called the Cultural Manifold Analysis (CULMAN), developed in the longitudinal and cross-national surveys, with practical examples of analysis. This explanation will help helps a wide range of readers to better understand the cross-national comparative surveys of attitudes, opinion, and social values as basic information for evidence-based policymaking and research