Cryostasis Revival: The Recovery of Cryonics Patients through Nanomedicine

Table of Contents List of Tables Foreword by Gregory M. Fahy, Ph.D. Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 1.1 Scientific Rationale for Human Cryopreservation 1.2 Medical Nanorobotics 1.2.1 Respirocyte-Class Nanorobots 1.2.2 Microbivore-Class Nanorobots 1.2.3 Chromallocyte-Class Nanorobots 1.2.4 Vasculoid-Class Nanorobots 1.2.5 Advantages of Medical Nanorobots 1.3 Atomically Precise Manufacturing of Medical Nanorobots 1.3.1 Mechanosynthesis 1.3.2 Nanofactories 1.4 Will Revivals Occur? 1.5 Organization of this Book 2. Personal Identity and Cryostasis Revival 2.1 Recovery of Personal Identity 2.1.1 Information-Theoretic Death 2.1.2 Structural Basis for Long-Term Memory and Personality 2.1.3 How Much Personal Identity Can Be Recovered? 2.1.4 Neurotransmitter Concentrations and Personal Identity 2.1.5 Other Elements of Personal Identity 2.1.6 Choosing the Correct Method for Revival 2.2 Previously Proposed Technical Cryopreservation Revival Scenarios 2.2.1 Immortality Now (Cooper, 1962) 2.2.2 Robot Surgeons of the Future (Ettinger, 1964) 2.2.3 Viral-Induced Repair (White, 1969) 2.2.4 Anabolocytes: Artificial White Cells for Cryoinjury Repair (Darwin, 1977) 2.2.5 Artificial Macrophages, Repair Nets, and the Chrysalis (Donaldson, 1981, 1988) 2.2.6 Cryonics Revival using Nanomachinery (Drexler, 1986) 2.2.7 Cell Repair Nanorobots (Wowk, 1988) 2.2.8 Nanorobotic Brain Repair with Biological Body Growth (Darwin, 1988) 2.2.9 Molecular Brain Repair (Merkle, 1989-1995) 2.2.10 Nanotechnological Repair of Frozen Brain (Fahy, 1991) 2.2.11 SCRAM Reanimation (Soloviov, 1994-1998) 2.2.13 Low-Temperature Operation of Nanorobots (Freitas, 1999-2007) 2.2.14 Revival Scenario Using Molecular Nanotechnology (Merkle and Freitas, 2008) 2.2.15 Three Methods for Cryonics Revival (Merkle, 2018) 3. Accumulated Damage to the Cryopreserved Human Body 3.1 Pre-Mortem Somatic Damage 3.2 Post-Mortem Ischemic Damage 3.2.1 Energy Failure, Ionic Imbalance, and Excitotoxicity 3.2.2 Nitrosative Stress 3.2.3 Inflammation 3.2.4 Protein, RNA, and DNA Stability 3.2.5 Apoptosis, Necrosis, and Structural Degradation 3.2.6 White Matter Damage 3.2.7 Histological Ultrastructural Change 3.2.8 Ischemic Damage in the Cryonics Context 3.3 Perfusion Damage 3.3.1 Endogenous Perfusion Damage 3.3.2 Iatrogenic Perfusion Damage 3.4 Freezing or Vitrification Damage 3.4.1 Biochemical and Biophysical Cold Injury 3.4.2 Non-Fracture-Related Mechanical Injury 3.4.3 Fracture-Related Mechanical Injury 3.5 Cryogenic Storage Damage 3.6 Rewarming Damage 4. Plan A: Nanorobotic Revival via Conventional Cell Repair 4.1 Macrovascular Scan 4.1.1 Magnetic Resonance Angiography 4.1.2 Computed Tomography Angiography 4.1.3 Ultrasound Angiography 4.1.4 Other Conventional Millimeter-Resolution Techniques 4.2 Macrovascular Excavation 4.2.1 Cartographic Excavation 4.2.2 Exploratory Excavation 4.3 Microvascular and Related Scans 4.3.1 Gigahertz Acoustic Microscopy 4.3.2 Terahertz Infrared Imaging 4.3.3 Optical Coherence Tomography 4.3.4 Confocal Microscopy 4.3.5 High-Resolution X-Ray Microtomography 4.4 Microvascular and Related Excavations 4.4.1 Capillary, Lymphatic, and Crackface Void Excavation 4.4.2 Organ and Tissue Surface Perimeter Excavation 4.4.3 Extracellular Ice Excavation 4.5 Recondition and Map Exposed Ice Surfaces 4.5.1 Clear Excavation Debris from all Exposed Ice Surfaces 4.5.2 Recondition Exposed Ice Surfaces 4.5.3 Sensor-Driven Ice Peel 4.5.4 Geometrical Mapping 4.5.5 Biochemical Mapping 4.5.6 Locate and Identify Vascular Faults 4.5.7 Locate and Identify Crackface Fracture Planes 4.6 Install Vasculoid 4.6.1 General Description of Vasculoid 4.6.2 Arteriovenous Emplacement 4.6.3 Crackface Voids 4.6.4 Lymphatic Vasculature and Tissue Perimeter Surfaces 4.6.5 Cryorevival-Specific Equipment 4.7 Submicron Tissue Scan 4.7.1 Submicron Acoustic Scanning 4.7.2 Optical Microscopy 4.7.3 Electron Microscopy 4.7.3.1 Low Voltage Electron Microscopy 4.7.3.2 Cryogenic Electron Microscopy 4.7.3.3 Transmission Electron Cryomicroscopy 4.7.3.4 Electron Cryotomography 4.7.4 Direct Chemohaptic Sensing 4.8 Compute Whole-Body Repair Plan 4.8.1 Analysis of Scan Data for Cryonics Repair 4.8.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 4.8.3 Creating Computational Models to Direct Repairs 4.8.4 Computational Requirements for Repair Simulations 4.8.5 Data Storage and Computational Processing Requirements 4.9 Prethaw and Crackface Fusion 4.9.1 Prethaw Warming 4.9.2 Crackface Fusion 4.10 Molecular Extraction 4.10.1 Targeted Extraction 4.10.1.1 Oxygen 4.10.1.2 Glucose and ATP 4.10.1.3 Cell Metabolites and Leaked Blood Plasma Components 4.10.1.4 Free Ions 4.10.1.5 Signaling Molecules 4.10.1.6 Drugs 4.10.1.7 Cryoprotectants 4.10.1.8 Other Potential Extraction Targets 4.10.1.9 Summary of Extraction Mechanisms and Prioritized Molecular Targets 4.10.2 Alternative to Targeted Extraction: Tissue Washout 4.11 Reseal Plasma Membrane Compartments and Rehydrate 4.11.1 Restore Damaged Cell Plasma Membranes 4.11.2 Repair Improperly Rejoined Fracture Face Plasma Membranes 4.11.3 Cell Rehydration and Extracellular Water Transfers 4.12 Conventional Cellular and Tissue Repair 4.12.1 Remove Unwanted Cells and Microbodies 4.12.1.1 Extracellular Vesicles 4.12.1.2 Red Cells and Platelets 4.12.1.3 Errant White Cells 4.12.1.4 Bacteria 4.12.1.5 Other Pathological Microbes 4.12.1.6 Cancer Cells 4.12.2 Inspect and Repair Existing Cells 4.12.2.1 Preliminary Cell Inspection and Small Debris Cleanup 4.12.2.2 Cell Nucleus Repair or Replacement 4.12.2.3 Non-Nucleus Organelles 4.12.2.4 Cytoskeleton and Related Intracellular Components 4.12.2.5 Extract and Replace Maloccupied Membrane Receptors 4.12.2.6 Plasma Membrane and Transmembrane Protein Editing 4.12.2.7 Glycocalyx Repair 4.12.2.8 Whole-Cell Replacement Option 4.12.3 Supplemental Tissue Repair 4.12.3.1 Foreign Object Extraction and Avulsion Wound Repair 4.12.3.2 Residual Vascular Repair 4.12.3.3 ECM Reconditioning 4.12.3.4 Withdraw Vasculoid from Tissue Perimeter Surfaces 4.12.4 Supplemental Neural Repair 4.12.4.1 Axonal Repair 4.12.4.2 Neuron Membrane Editing 4.12.4.3 Missing Brain Tissue 4.13 Patient Warmup and Molecular Instillation 4.13.1 Warm the Patient 4.13.2 Instill Nonactivating Molecules via Vasculoid 4.13.3 Whole-Body Fluid Check and Perimeter Surface Cleanup 4.13.4 Instill Storage Nanorobots that Carry Activating Molecules 4.14 Uninstall Vasculoid and Finish Repairs 4.14.1 Manufacture Replacement Blood 4.14.1.1 Blood Substitute 4.14.1.2 Manufactured Natural Blood 4.14.2 Uninstall Vasculoid and Transfuse Blood Substitute 4.14.3 Initiate Normal Metabolism and Remove Storage Nanorobots 4.14.4 Replace Blood Substitute with Manufactured Natural Blood 4.15 Patient Wakeup and Post-Awakening Protocols 4.16 Summary of Conventional Cell Repair 4.17 Why Biological Methods of Cryostasis Revival are Likely Infeasible 5. Plan B: Nanorobotic Revival via Molecular Reconstruction 5.1 Extract Nonstructural Bulk Materials 5.2 Molecular Reconstruction of a New Replacement Body 5.2.1 Destructive Molecular Scan 5.2.1.1 Abstraction of Water Molecules 5.2.1.2 Positional Disassembly of Biomolecules 5.2.1.3 Destructive Molecular Scan System Scaling 5.2.2 Computational Cost of Fault Correction 5.2.2.1 Initial Scan File 5.2.2.2 Corrected Scan File 5.2.2.3 Optional Synthetic Conversion File 5.2.3 Print Replacement Patient Body 5.2.3.1 Cryogenic 3D Atomic Print 5.2.3.2 Cryogenic 3D Molecular Print 5.2.3.3 Fluidic 3D Cell Print 5.2.3.3.1 Planar Tissue Printing 5.2.3.3.2 Scaffolded Tissue Printing 5.2.3.3.3 Nanorobot-Guided Embryonic Growth 5.2.3.4 Virtual 3D Bit Print (an “Upload”) 5.2.3.4.1 Upload from Revived Biological Intermediate (a “Live Transfer”) 5.2.3.4.2 Physical Instantiation of Virtual Body (a “Download”) 5.3 Molecular Reconstruction of the Original Body 5.3.1 Nondestructive Molecular Scan 5.3.2 Initial and Corrected Scan Files 5.3.3 Repair Original Patient Body 5.3.3.1 Cryogenic Molecular Exchange Repair 5.3.3.2 Fluidic Molecular-Informed Cell Repair 5.4 High-Speed Molecular Reconstruction 5.5 Summary of Molecular Reconstruction 6. Replacement Bodies for Neuro Patients 6.1 Fabricate and Attach Normothermic Replacement Body 6.1.1 Grown Acephalic Autologous Body 6.1.1.1 Cephalon Attached to Grown Trunk 6.1.1.2 Trunk Grown onto Cephalon 6.1.1.3 Cephalon Attached to Donor Trunk 6.1.2 Nanofabricated Acephalic Autologous Body 6.1.3 Head Caddy or Biocompatible Artificial Body 6.1.4 Cost of Replacement Body for Neuro Patients 6.2 Separately Stored Cryopreserved Trunk 7. Alternatives, Validations, and Research Opportunities 7.1 Alternative Pathways to (and from) Biostasis 7.1.1 Straight-Freeze and Poorly-Perfused Cryopreservation Patients 7.1.2 Intermediate Temperature Storage 7.1.3 Clathrate Cryopreservation 7.1.4 Persufflation and Vascular Cryofluids 7.1.5 Chemical Fixation 7.1.6 Suspended Animation 7.1.6.1 Human Hibernation 7.1.6.2 Chemical Biostasis 7.1.6.3 Cryptobiosis 7.1.6.4 Hypothermic Biostasis 7.1.6.5 Nanostasis (Warm Biostasis) 7.1.7 Revival from Frozen Genetic Material 7.1.8 Whole-Body Backups 7.2 Validation of Cryopreservation Revival Procedures 7.2.1 Animal Testing Should Suffice 7.2.1.1 Simple Memory 7.2.1.2 Complex Memory 7.2.1.3 Personality 7.2.1.4 Personal Identity 7.2.1.5 Nanorobot- and WBE-Based Animal Validations 7.2.2 Human WBE Testing 7.3 Future Research Opportunities Appendix A. Society for Cryobiology No Longer Openly Hostile to Cryonics Appendix B. Cryopreservation in Science Fiction (1846-2021) Appendix C. Early Nanorobotic Revival Concepts (G.M. Fahy, 1991) Appendix D. Cell Mills D.1 Biomolecule Synthesis Module D.1.1 Generic Organic Molecules D.1.1.1 Conventional Manufacturing of Generic Organics D.1.1.2 Molecular Manufacturing of Generic Organics D.1.2 Personalized Organic Molecules D.1.2.1 Consensus Genomic Sequence D.1.2.1.1 Genome Sampling D.1.2.1.2 Chromosome Sequencing D.1.2.2 Manufacturing Personalized DNA D.1.2.3 Manufacturing Personalized Proteins and Carbohydrates D.2 Cytocomponent Assembly Module D.2.1 Cell Membranes D.2.2 Macromolecular Organelles D.2.3 Vesicular Organelles D.2.4 Membraneous Organelles D.2.5 Cell Nucleus D.3 Cell Assembly Module D.3.1 Cell Assembly Process D.3.2 Cell Mill System Scaling Appendix E. Additional Plateable Tissue Surfaces Appendix F. Chemohaptic Atomic Scanning and Identification F.1 Chemohaptic Analysis F.1.1 Scanning Probe Microscopy F.1.2 Structure Determination by AFM F.1.3 Element Typing of Atoms by AFM F.1.4 Element Typing of Functional Groups by AFM F.1.5 Chemohaptic Analysis of More Difficult Cases F.2 Molecular Assay System Scaling F.2.1 Minimum Size of Lab Module for Chemohaptic Analysis F.2.2 Size and Performance of a Molecular Assay System Appendix G. Historical and Future Commercial Electricity Prices Appendix H. Binding Site Design H.1 Binding Site Design for Carbon Dioxide Molecules H.2 Binding Sites for Other Simple Molecules H.3 Binding Sites for Cryoprotectant Molecules Appendix I. Cell Metabolites Appendix J. Blood Plasma Leakage Molecules Appendix K. Free Ions Appendix L. Cryoprotectants Appendix M. Nanorobot Extraction from the Body Appendix N. Neuropreservation and Whole-Body Preservation Options Appendix R. List of Future Research Topics Supporting Cryostasis Revival Image Credits