Crossroads and Cultures, Combined Volume: A History of the World's Peoples

Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World’s Peoples incorporates the best current cultural history into a fresh and original narrative that connects global patterns of development with life on the ground. As the title, “Crossroads,” suggests, this new synthesis highlights the places and times where people exchanged goods and commodities, shared innovations and ideas, waged war and spread disease, and in doing so joined their lives to the broad sweep of global history. Students benefit from a strong pedagogical design, abundant maps and images, and special features that heighten the narrative’s attention to the lives and voices of the world’s peoples. Test drive a chapter today. Find out how. Cover Page 1 Title Page 7 Copyright Page 8 A Conversation with the Authors: The Story Behind Crossroads and Cultures 9 How to Use This Book 14 Versions and Supplements 23 Note on Dates and Usage 25 Brief Contents 27 Contents 28 Maps 37 Special Features 39 Acknowledgments 40 15 Collapse and Revival in Afro-Eurasia, 1300–1450 44 Backstory 45 Fourteenth-Century Crisis and Renewal in Eurasia 48 The “Great Mortality”: The Black Death of 1347–1350 49 Rebuilding Societies in Western Europe, 1350–1492 52 Ming China and the New Order in East Asia, 1368–1500 55 Islam’s New Frontiers 58 Islamic Spiritual Ferment in Central Asia, 1350–1500 58 Ottoman Expansion and the Fall of Constantinople, 1354–1453 59 Commerce and Culture in Islamic West Africa 61 Advance of Islam in Maritime Southeast Asia 62 The Global Bazaar 63 Economic Prosperity and Maritime Trade in Asia, 1350–1450 64 China’s Overseas Overture: The Voyages of Zheng He, 1405–1433 68 Commerce and Culture in the Renaissance 69 Counterpoint Age of the Samurai in Japan, 1185–1450 71 “The Low Overturning the High” 73 The New Warrior Order 73 Conclusion 75 Notes 75 Resources for Research 76 Review 77 READING THE PAST A French Theologian’s View of the Black Death 52 READING THE PAST A Spanish Ambassador’sDescription of Samarkand 60 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Urban Weavers in India 66 SEEING THE PAST Leonardo da Vinci’s Virgin of the Rocks 72 PART 3 The Early Modern World, 1450–1750 78 16 Empires and Alternatives in the Americas, 1430–1530 82 Backstory 83 Many Native Americas 86 Tributes of Blood: The Aztec Empire, 1325–1521 89 Humble Origins, Imperial Ambitions 90 Enlarging and Supplying the Capital 93 Holy Terror: Aztec Rule, Religion, and Warfare 93 Daily Life Under the Aztecs 96 The Limits of Holy Terror 99 Tributes of Sweat: The Inca Empire, 1430–1532 99 From Potato Farmers to Empire Builders 100 The Great Apparatus: Inca Expansion and Religion 100 Daily Life Under the Incas 104 The Great Apparatus Breaks Down 107 COUNTERPOINT The Peoples of North America’s Eastern Woodlands, 1450–1530 108 Conclusion 112 Notes 112 Resources for Research 112 Review 114 SEEING THE PAST An Aztec Map of Tenochtitlán 91 SEEING THE PAST The Coyolxauhqui Stone 94 LIVES AND LIVELHOODS The Aztec Midwife 98 READING THE PAST An Andean Creation Story 103 17 The Fall of Native American Empires and the Rise of an Atlantic World, 1450–1600 116 Backstory 117 Guns, Sails, and Compasses: Europeans Venture Abroad 121 Motives for Exploration 121 Technologies of Exploration 122 Portugal Takes the Lead 123 New Crossroads, First Encounters: The European Voyages of Discovery, 1492–1521 125 Christopher Columbus in a New World 125 From Independence to Servitude: The Encomienda System 129 Columbus’s Successors 130 The Columbian Exchange 131 Spanish Conquests in the Americas, 1519–1600 132 The Fall of Aztec Mexico 132 The Fall of Inca Peru 134 The Conquest: Myths and Realities 135 A New Empire in the Americas: New Spain and Peru, 1535–1600 137 American Silver and the Global Economy 137 American Silver and Everyday Life 139 Brazil by Accident: The Portuguese in the Americas, 1500–1600 140 Native Encounters and Foreign Competitors 140 Bitter Sugar: Slavery and the Plantation Complex in the Early Atlantic World, 1530–1600 142 COUNTERPOINT The Mapuche of Chile: Native America’s Indomitable State 143 A Culture of Warfare 143 Uprisings Against the Spanish 144 Conclusion 146 Notes 147 Resources for Research 147 Review 149 READING THE PAST Tlatelolcan Elders Recall the Conquest of Mexico 134 SEEING THE PAST Malintzin and the Meeting Between Moctezuma and Cortés 136 READING THE PAST First Encounter in Brazil: Cabral’s Report to King Manoel of Portugal 141 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Atlantic Sugar Producers 144 18 Western Africa in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1450–1800 150 Backstory 151 Many Western Africas 155 Landlords and Strangers: Peoples and States in West Africa 158 Empire Builders and Traders 159 Sculptors and Priest-Kings 160 Land of the Blacksmith Kings: West Central Africa 163 Farmers and Traders 163 Smiths and Kings 164 Strangers in Ships: Gold, Slavery, and the Portuguese 165 From Voyages of Reconnaissance to Trading Forts, 1415–1650 165 Portuguese Strategy in the Kingdom of Kongo 168 Portuguese Strategy in Angola 169 Northern Europeans and the Expansion of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1800 170 The Rise and Fall of Monopoly Trading Companies 171 How the Mature Slave Trade Functioned 174 The Middle Passage 175 Volume of the Slave Trade 176 COUNTERPOINT The Pygmies of Central Africa 177 Life in the Congo Rain Forest 177 Pygmy-Bantu Relations 178 Conclusion 179 Notes 179 Resources for Research 180 Review 181 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS West Africa’s Gold Miners 158 READING THE PAST Al-Sa’di on Jenne and Its History 166 SEEING THE PAST Art of the Slave Trade: A Benin Bronze Plaque 162 READING THE PAST Alonso de Sandoval, “General Points Relating to Slavery” 166 19 Trade and Empire in the Indian Ocean and South Asia, 1450–1750 182 Backstory 183 Trading Cities and Inland Networks: East Africa 187 Port Towns and Beginnings 187 Indian Ocean Connections 189 Links to the Interior 190 Trade and Empire in South Asia 190 Vijayanagara’s Rise and Fall, 1336–1565 191 The Power of the Mughals 193 Gunpowder Weapons and Imperial Consolidation, 1500–1763 195 Everyday Life in the Mughal Empire 200 European Interlopers 202 Portuguese Conquistadors, 1500–1600 202 The Dutch and English East India Companies, 1600–1750 205 COUNTERPOINT Aceh: Fighting Back in Southeast Asia 210 The Differing Fortunes of Aceh and Melaka 210 Aceh, “the Veranda of Mecca” 210 Conclusion 212 Notes 213 Resources for Research 213 Review 215 READING THE PAST Portuguese Report of a Vijayanagara Festival 194 SEEING THE PAST Reflections of the Divine in a Mughal Emerald 199 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Cinnamon Harvesters in Ceylon 206 READING THE PAST Dutch Merchants Learn How to Act in Aceh 211 20 Consolidation and Conflict in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean, 1450–1750 216 Backstory 217 The Power of the Ottoman Empire, 1453–1750 220 Tools of Empire 221 Expansion and Consolidation 221 Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire 225 Europe Divided, 1500–1650 228 Everyday Life in Early Modern Europe 229 Protestant and Catholic Reformations 231 Imperial Spain and Its Challenges 235 The Seventeenth-Century Crisis 237 European Innovations in Science and Government, 1550–1750 240 The Scientific Revolution 240 The Emergence of Capitalism 242 New Political Models: Absolutism and Constitutionalism 243 COUNTERPOINT The Barbary Pirates 247 Reign of the Sea Bandits 247 The Barbary Wars 248 Conclusion 249 Notes 249 Resources for Research 250 Review 251 READING THE PAST Weapons of Mass Destruction: Ottomans vs. Persians in Baghdad 225 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Ottoman Coffeehouse Owners and Patrons 228 SEEING THE PAST Gift Clocks for the Emperors of China 234 READING THE PAST An Exiled European Muslim Visits the Netherlands 239 21 Expansion and Isolation in Asia, 1450–1750 252 Backstory 253 Straddling Eurasia: Rise of the Russian Empire, 1462–1725 256 Consolidation in Muscovite Russia 257 The Romanovs’ New Frontiers 259 China from Ming to Qing Rule, 1500–1800 260 Late Ming Imperial Demands and Private Trade 261 Manchu Expansion and the Rise of the Qing Empire 263 Everyday Life in Ming and Qing China 265 The Flourishing of Art and Culture 266 Japan in Transition, 1540–1750 267 Rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Unification of Japan 268 Everyday Life and Culture in Tokugawa Japan 270 Emergence of a National Culture 272 Korea, a Land in Between, 1392–1750 275 Capital and Countryside 275 Everyday Life in Choson Korea 276 Consolidation in Mainland Southeast Asia, 1500–1750 278 Political Consolidation 278 Commercial Trends 280 COUNTERPOINT “Spiritual Conquest” in the Philippines 281 Arrival of the Spanish 282 The Limits of “Spiritual Conquest" 284 Conclusion 284 Notes 285 Resources for Research 285 Review 287 SEEING THE PAST Blue-on-White: Ming Export Porcelain 262 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Silk Weavers in China 266 READING THE PAST Selections from the Hidden Christians’ Sacred Book 270 READING THE PAST Scenes from the Daily Life of a Korean Queen 277 22 Transforming New Worlds: The American Colonies Mature, 1600–1750 288 Backstory 289 The World that Silver Made: Spanish America, 1570–1750 293 Governing and Profiting from the Colonies 294 Everyday Life in Spanish America 299 Gold, Diamonds, and the Transformation of Brazil, 1695–1800 302 Boom Times for Colonial Brazil 303 Everyday Life in Golden-Age Brazil 305 Bitter Sugar, Part Two: Slavery and Colonialism in the Caribbean, 1625–1750 307 Pirates and Planters 308 The Rise of Caribbean Slave Societies 310 Growth and Change in British and French North America, 1607–1750 311 Experiments in Commercial Colonialism 311 Everyday Life in the Northern Colonies 315 COUNTERPOINT The Maroons of Suriname 318 From Persecution to Freedom 318 Suriname’s Distinctive Maroon Culture 319 Conclusion 320 Notes 320 Resources for Research 320 Review 322 READING THE PAST An Iraqi Traveler’s Impressions of Potosí 297 SEEING THE PAST Gentlemen of Esmeraldas 300 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Caribbean Buccaneers 308 READING THE PAST A Swedish Traveler’s Description of Quebec 317 PART 4 The World from 1750 to the Present 324 23 Atlantic Revolutions and the World, 1750–1830 328 Backstory 329 The Promise of Enlightenment 332 A New World of Ideas 332 Enlightenment and the Old Order 335 Popular Revolts in an Age of Enlightenment 337 Revolution in North America 337 The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis, 1764–1775 338 The Birth of the United States, 1775–1789 338 The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire 341 From Monarchy to Republic, 1789–1792 341 War, Terror, and Resistance, 1792–1799 343 Napoleon’s Reign, 1799–1815 344 Muhammad Ali and the Revolutionary Spirit in Egypt 344 Revolution Continued in the Western Hemisphere 347 Revolution in Haiti, 1791–1804 347 Revolutions in Latin America, 1810–1830 348 New Ideologies and Revolutionary Legacies 353 COUNTERPOINT Religious Revival in a Secular Age 354 Christianity’s Great Awakening 355 Government and Religion Allied 355 Conclusion 356 Notes 357 Resources for Research 358 Review 359 SEEING THE PAST Portrait of Catherine the Great 336 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS The Cowboy Way of Life 352 READING THE PAST Simon Bolivar on Latin American Independence 354 READING THE PAST Phillis Wheatley, “On Being Brought from Africa to America” 356 24 Industry and Everyday Life, 1750–1900 360 Backstory 361 The Industrial Revolution Begins, 1750–1830 364 The Global Roots of Industrialization 364 Great Britain: A Culture of Experimentation 365 World Trade and the Rise of Industry 366 The Technology of Industry 368 Industrialization After 1830 368 Industrial Innovation Gathers Speed 369 Challenge to British Dominance 372 Industrialization in Japan 372 Economic Crises and Solutions 374 The Industrial Revolution and the World 376 The Slow Disintegration of Qing China 377 Competition in West and South Asia 379 A New Course for Africa 380 Industry and Society 382 The Changing Middle Class 382 The New Working Class 383 The Sexual Division of Labor 385 The Culture of Industry 385 Industry and the Arts 387 COUNTERPOINT African Women and Slave Agriculture 388 Women and Farming in Africa 388 Women Slaves in the North American South 389 Conclusion 390 Notes 390 Resources for Research 391 Review 393 READING THE PAST Comes to the British Countryside 367 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Builders of the Trans-Siberian Railroad 370 SEEING THE PAST Japan’s Industrious Society 373 READING THE PAST Mexican Women on Strike 386 25 The Rise of Modern Nation-States, 1850–1900 394 Backstory 395 Modernizing Nations 398 “What Is a Nation?” 399 Latin American Nation Building 399 The Russian Empire’s New Course 402 A Unified Italy and a United Germany 406 Emerging Powers: The United States and Japan 408 Expansion and Consolidation of the United States 408 Dramatic Change in Japan 411 The Culture of Nations 413 The Culture of Tradition 413 Westernization 415 National Institutions 416 COUNTERPOINT Outsiders Inside the Nation-State 419 People of Color 419 Women 420 The Struggle for Citizens’ Rights 421 Conclusion 422 Notes 423 Resources for Research 423 Review 425 READING THE PAST Russian People Under Serfdom 405 SEEING THE PAST The Korean Flag 414 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Historians of the Nation-State 416 READING THE PAST “Good Wives, Wise Mothers” Build Japan 418 26 Imperial Order and Disorder, 1850–1914 426 Backstory 427 Building Empires 430 Imperialism: What Is It? 430 Takeover in Asia 431 Europeans Scramble for Africa 434 Japan’s Imperial Agenda 438 Technology, Environment, and the Imperial Advantage 438 Imperial Society 439 Changing Conditions of Everyday Life 439 Medicine, Science, and Well-Being in the Colonies 442 Migrants and Diasporas 444 Culture in an Imperial Age 448 The Culture of Everyday Life 448 Art and Empire 449 Imperial Contests at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century 450 Clashes for Imperial Control 451 Growing Resistance to Foreign Domination 453 COUNTERPOINT The West Copies from the World 455 Changes in the Arts 455 Expansion of Ideas 456 Lifestyles Transformed 456 Conclusion 457 Notes 457 Resources for Research 458 Review 459 READING THE PAST Rubber Workers in Congo 441 SEEING THE PAST Imperial Architecture in Saigon 442 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Indentured Laborers 446 READING THE PAST The United States Overthrows the Hawaiian Queen 452 27 Wars, Revolutions, and the Birth of Mass Society, 1910–1929 460 Backstory 461 Revolutions, Local Wars, and World War 464 Revolutionaries and Warriors: Mexico, China, and the Balkans 464 Fighting World War I 466 Civilians at War: The Home Front 470 Revolution in Russia and the End of World War I 472 Revolution in Russia 472 Ending the War: 1918 474 Postwar Global Politics 475 The Paris Peace Conference, 1919–1920 475 Struggles for Reform and Independence 478 Postwar Imperial Expansion 482 An Age of the Masses 483 Mass Society 483 Culture for the Masses 484 Mobilizing the Masses 486 COUNTERPOINT A Golden Age for Argentineans 489 A Flourishing Economy and Society 489 Argentina’s Cultural Riches 490 Conclusion 490 Notes 491 Resources for Research 492 Review 493 SEEING THE PAST Wartime Propaganda 471 READING THE PAST Communism Spreads in China 481 READING THE PAST Léopold Sédar Senghor, “To the Senegalese Soldiers Who Died for France” 482 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS The Film Industry 486 28 Global Catastrophe: The Great Depression and World War II, 1929–1945 494 Backstory 495 1929: The Great Depression Begins 498 Economic Disaster Strikes 498 Social Effects of the Great Depression 500 Protesting Poverty 501 Militarizing the Masses in the 1930s 502 The Rise of Stalinism 503 Japanese Expansionism 505 Hitler’s Rise to Power 506 Democracies Mobilize 508 Global War, 1937–1945 509 Europe’s Road to War 510 The Early Years of the War, 1937–1943 510 War and the World’s Civilians 515 From Allied Victory to the Cold War, 1943–1945 520 The Axis Defeated 520 Postwar Plans and Uncertainties 521 COUNTERPOINT Nonviolence and Pacifism in an Age of War 523 Traditional Tactics: The Example of Nigerian Women 523 Gandhi and Civil Disobedience 523 Conclusion 524 Notes 525 Resources for Research 525 Review 527 READING THE PAST Promoting Business in the Great Depression 500 READING THE PAST “Comfort Women” in World War II 512 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Soldiers and Soldiering 516 SEEING THE PAST Technological Warfare: Civilization or Barbarism? 522 29 The Emergence of New Nations in a Cold War World, 1945–1970 528 Backstory 529 World Politics and the Cold War 532 The New Superpowers 532 The Cold War Unfolds, 1945–1962 533 The People’s Republic of China, 1949 535 Proxy Wars and Cold War Alliances 535 Decolonization and the Birth of Nations 539 The End of Empire in Asia 540 The Struggle for Independence in the Middle East 542 New Nations in Africa 543 World Recovery in the 1950s and 1960s 545 Expanding Economic Prosperity 546 Building and Rebuilding Communism 548 Cultural Dynamism amid Cold War 550 Confronting the Heritage of World War 550 Liberation Culture 551 The Culture of Cold War 552 COUNTERPOINT The Bandung Conference, 1955 553 Shared Goals 554 Divisive Issues 555 Conclusion 555 Notes 555 Resources for Research 556 Review 557 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Cosmonauts and Astronauts 536 SEEING THE PAST African Liberation on Cloth 545 READING THE PAST The Great Leap Forward in China 548 30 Technological Transformation and the End of Cold War, 1960–1992 558 Backstory 559 Advances in Technology and Science 562 The Information Revolution 562 The Space Age 564 A New Scientific Revolution 565 Changes in the World Economy 566 The Rising Pacific Economy 566 Multinational Corporations 568 Global Changes in Work 568 The Knowledge Economy 570 Postindustrial Family Life 572 Politics and Protest in an Age of Cold War 573 Democracy and Dictatorship in Latin America 573 Domestic Revolution and a Changing International Order 576 Activists Challenge the Superpowers 579 The End of the Cold War Order 582 A Shifting Balance of Global Power 582 A Change of Course in the West 584 The Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Bloc 584 COUNTERPOINT Agrarian Peoples in a Technological Age 587 Local Farmers Against Multinational Corporations 588 Government Measures to Protect Farmers 588 Conclusion 589 Notes 589 Resources for Research 590 Review 591 READING THE PAST Japan Transforms Business Practices 569 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Global Tourism 570 READING THE PAST Terror and Resistance in El Salvador 576 SEEING THE PAST The Iranian Revolution as Visual News 580 31 A New Global Age, 1989 to the Present 592 Backstory 593 The Impact of Global Events on Regions and Nations 596 North Versus South 596 Advancing Nations in the Global Age 597 Global Livelihoods and Institutions 601 Global Networks and Changing Jobs 602 Neoliberalism and the Global Economy 603 Beyond the Nation-State 603 Global Cities 606 The Promises and Perils of Globalization 607 Environmental Challenges 608 Population Pressures and Public Health 610 Worldwide Migration 614 Terrorism Confronts the World 615 Global Economic Crisis 617 Cultures Without Borders 619 The Quest for Human Rights 619 Religion Worldwide 619 Global Literature and Music 620 COUNTERPOINT Who Am I? Local Identity in a Globalizing World 622 Ethnic Strife and New Nations 622 Movements to Protect Tradition 622 Conclusion 623 Notes 624 Resources for Research 624 Review 626 READING THE PAST Testimony to South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission 600 READING THE PAST Assessing Livelihoods for Women in a Global Economy 605 SEEING THE PAST The Globalization of Urban Space 607 LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS Readers of the Qur’an 618 Index 629 __Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World’s Peoples__Test drive a chapter today. Find out how.