Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Climate Change Adaptation: Adapting to Flood Risk (Cities and Nature)

This book provides important new and actionable tools for diverse cities and communities facing climate disasters to engage in risk assessment and green recovery. The on the ground perspective from case studies across the global south ensures a culturally inclusive perspective too often missing from the current dialogue. This book offers integrated, actionable and culturally inclusive risk management and green recovery conceptual frameworks and methodologies based on case studies from communities across the global south. Through its focus on flood disasters, this book provides an integrated approach to climate adaptation, green growth and mitigation that can unlock climate action and increase community resilience across the global south. This book is intended for university students, professionals, local governments, and policy decision makers. Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Contents Contributors Introduction 1 Case Studies from Eleven Global South Countries 2 Book Structure Climate Change and Flood Disaster: Core Concepts, Emerging Issues and Global Context for Change Climate Disaster Risk Management—Risk Assessment and Green Recovery Planning: Core Concepts and Identification of Current Issues 1 Concept and Definition of Disasters, and Green Recovery Principles 2 Flood Hazard and Typology 3 Flood Disaster-Related Newly Emerging Issues and Solutions 3.1 Increase in Frequency and Intensity of Flood Occurrence 3.2 Uncertainties: Climate-Related Uncertainties, Climate Impact-Related Uncertainties and Uncertainties Surrounding Adaptation Project Plans and Programmes 3.3 Threats to Poorer Areas of Cities and Regions 3.4 Limited Access or Transition to Climate Innovation 3.5 Fragmentation of Mitigation and Adaptation Measures, and Green Growth for Flood Damage Reduction Actions 3.6 Lack of Flood Risk-Related Big Data 3.7 Capacity Gaps to Access to Adaptation Funding 3.8 Lack of Cross-Cultural Practices for Handling Urban Disasters 3.9 Climate Justice Issues at COP27 3.10 Climate Change and the Associated Rise in Sea Level 3.11 Lack of Indicators and Monitoring References International Initiatives and Current Context for Adaptation Planning and Green Recovery 1 Introduction 2 International Agreements and Building Blocks 2.1 UNFCCC COP21 Paris Agreement 2.2 The UN Sustainable Development Goals 2.3 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2.4 Adaptation Finance 3 Global Trends in Adaptation Theory and Practice 3.1 Integrated Approaches to Adaptation, Mitigation, and Sustainable Development 3.2 Equity and Climate Justice 3.3 Importance of Strengthening Adaptation Enabling Environment 3.4 Adaptation and Resilience at the City Level References Climate Risk Management Frameworks and Overview to Case Studies Nine-Step Conceptual Framework for Climate Disaster Risk Assessment and Green Recovery Planning 1 Three Pillars of Climate Disaster and Green Recovery Planning Framework 2 A New Nine-Step Flood Risk Assessment and Green Recovery Planning Framework 3 Multilevel Approach to Flood Risk Assessment and Management Framework at the Different Scales 4 Establishment of New Urban Agenda: A Practical Application to Climate Innovation Land-Use Planning References Methods and Technologies for Developing the Indicators of Climate Disaster Risk Assessment and Green Recovery Planning: The Standard Techniques for a Whole System 1 The Methodology for Flood Disaster and Green Recovery Planning 2 Hazard Reduction Measures and Action Strategies for City Climate Resilience and Adaptation for Indicator Approach 3 Integrated Flood Risk Management Methods 4 Land Suitability and Resiliency Analyses: An Indicator Approach 5 Climate Resilient Lands Strategy: The Case of Sonoma County, California, USA, for an Application of the Indicator Approach 6 An Example of Software User Guide for Local Flood Risk Assessment and Management References Overview and Exploration of Nature-Based Flooding Solutions: The Green Transition 1 Steps of Nature-Based Flood Solutions Framework 2 Integration of Nature-Based Adaptation and Mitigation Through Land Use Practices 3 Examples of Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Risk Management 3.1 ‘Nature-Based Flood Mitigation Can Help Mississippi River Farmers’, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC (2021) 3.2 Ecological Coherence: A Practitioners’ Guide, EcoCo, Scotland, UK (2021) 3.3 Co-Creation of NBS for Climate Change Adaptation: The Case of Rotterdam, Netherlands 3.4 Blue-Green Infrastructure: The Case of Malmo, Sweden 3.5 Restoration of Nature: Transformative Actions for the Wise Use of Wetland: The Case of Seoul, Korea 4 Newly Emerging Research Topics 5 Investing in Nature-Based Solutions References Overview of Case Studies: Common Elements and Framework for Analysis 1 Overview to Case Studies 2 Case Study Elements—Flood Risk Assessment and Green Recovery Planning 3 Case Study Parameters and Learning Dimensions Flood Risk Assessment and Green Recovery Planning Case Studies—Africa Flood Risk Analysis: Causes and Landscape-Based Mitigation Strategies in Dire-Dawa City, Ethiopia 1 Introduction 2 Site Location and Characteristics 3 Methods 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Causes of Flood Hazards 4.2 Institutional Factor 4.3 Aggravating Factors 4.4 Morphometric Analysis of the Watershed 5 Texture Ratio 5.1 Prioritization of Sub-watersheds for Conservation Activities 5.2 Water Conservation Site Identification 6 Conclusion References A Systemic Analysis of Causes, Impacts, and Coping Strategies of the People Related to Flooding in Ghana Capital City, Accra 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Method and Materials 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Causes of Flooding in Accra 4.2 Annual Population Growth Estimates 5 Future Scenarios 6 Conclusions and Recommendations References A Comparative Assessment of Flood Hazard Susceptibility Modeling in Niger State, North-Central Nigeria 1 Introduction 2 Significance of the Study 3 Methodological Framework 4 Selection and Description of Case Study Area: Niger State, Nigeria 5 Historical Hazards Events and Future Scenario 6 Analyzing the Vulnerability and Assessing the Flood Risk of the Location 6.1 Climatic Analysis 6.2 Vulnerability Map Production 6.3 Flood Hazard Vulnerability Map 7 Recommendations and Conclusion References Proposed Study Design for Map-Based Approach to Flood Risk Assessment in Bwaise III in Kampala City, Uganda: An Indicator Approach 1 Introduction 2 Framework/Conceptual Framework 3 A Case Study 3.1 Site Selection 3.2 Site Characteristics 3.3 SWOT Analysis 3.4 Land-Use Plan 4 Flood Risk Assessment Design 5 Expected Findings for Kampala City 6 Structure of Conclusions and Recommendations Section References Flood Risk Assessment and Green Recovery Planning Case Studies—South Asia and Southeast Asia Flood Mapping and Damage Assessment Using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Data in GIS and Google Earth Engine—A Case Study of 2020 Riverine Flood in Gaibandha, Kurigram, and Jamalpur Districts of Bangladesh 1 Introduction 2 Background of the Study 3 A Case Study 4 Methodology 5 SWOT Analysis 6 Recommendations and Conclusion References Nature-Based Flood Risk Mitigation for Food Security: The Case of the Mekong River Basin Floodplain, Cambodia 1 Adaptation for Cambodia’s Agriculture at the National Level 2 Adaptation for Cambodia’s Agriculure at the Sub-National Level 3 Adaptation to Floods by Farmers at the Community Level 4 Information Gaps for Writing 5 Introduction 6 National Context 7 Cambodia Climate 8 Cambodia’s Vulnerable to Climate Change 9 Disaster Impacts and Climate Risk in Cambodia 10 Kratie Province—Local Context 10.1 Flood Situation 10.2 Districts Vulnerable to Flood 10.3 Types of Floods and Flood Duration and Intensity 10.4 Land Use Type in Vulnerable Districts 11 Adaptation to Flood in Agriculture 11.1 Adaptation for Cambodia’s Agriculture at the National Level 11.2 Adaptation for Cambodia’s Agriculture at the Sub-National Level 11.3 Adaptation to Floods by Farmers at the Community Level 12 Information Gaps for Writing References Flood Risk Management in Phnom Penh, Cambodia 1 Introduction 1.1 General Information 1.2 Geography and Population 1.3 Administration 2 Research Objectives and Methodology 2.1 Data Collection and Information 3 Flood Situation and Hazard Impacted in Phnom Penh 3.1 Disaster Hazards and Climate Change 3.2 Flood in Situation in Phnom Penh 3.3 Floods Caused by Typhoons and Rainfall in Phnom Penh 3.4 Loss and Damage 4 Flood Management Design Process 5 The Action Plan for Flood Risk Management 5.1 Laws, Policies, and Plans on Disaster Management 5.2 Disaster Management Partners 5.3 Disaster Management System 5.4 Roles and Responsibilities 6 SWOT Analysis 6.1 Strengths 6.2 Weakness 6.3 Opportunity 6.4 Threatens 7 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 7.1 Lessons 7.2 Recommendations References Flood Cause Analysis Using Remote Sensing and Upper-Air Observation Data: Case Study of Jakarta 1 Introduction 2 Objectives and Research Questions 3 Background and Problem Definition 4 Methodology 5 Results 5.1 Hazard 5.2 Exposure 5.3 Vulnerability 6 Flood Risk Assessment—Impacts of Future Changes in Individual Risk Drivers 6.1 Climate Change 6.2 Land Subsidence 7 Impacts of Future Changes in Combined Risk Drivers on Flood Risk 8 Potential Flood Risk Reduction in Jakarta Through Vulnerability Reducing Measures Associated with SMS-Based FEWS 9 Conclusion References Water-Related Disaster Security in the Coastal Community of Jordan City, Guimaras Island, Philippines Using Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment (CDRA) 1 Introduction 2 Background of the Study 3 Objectives of the Study 4 Methodology 5 A Case Study Overview 5.1 Site Selection 5.2 Site Characteristics 6 Climate and Disaster Flood Risk Assessment 7 Summary of Findings 8 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations References Flood Risk Assessment in Philippines: Iloilo City Flood Risk Management Plan 1 Introduction and Background 2 Study Area 2.1 Location and Geophysical Features 2.2 Topography and Slope 2.3 Soil Type 2.4 River System 3 Methodology for Hazard, Vulnerability, and Flood Risks Management 4 Hazard Analysis 4.1 Exposure to More Frequent and Extreme Flooding 5 Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping 6 Flood Risk Management 6.1 Adaptive Capacity Analysis 7 Conclusion and Recommendations References Flood Risk Assessment and Green Recovery Planning Case Studies—Middle East and South America Flood Control and Its Management in the Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan 1 National Level Analysis 1.1 Geography 1.2 Demographics 1.3 Economic Profile 1.4 Climate of Afghanistan 1.5 Climate Change-Induced Hazards 2 Badakhshan Province Analysis 2.1 Geography 2.2 Hazards in Badakhshan Province 2.3 Climate Disaster-Related Vulnerability in the Area of the Study 2.4 Study Area Adaptation Priorities and Recommendations References Assessment of Early Warning Systems in Afghanistan: Avalanches and Flash Floods in Shighnan District of Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan 1 Introduction 2 Background of Study and Objectives 3 Conceptual Framework and Methodology 4 Shighnan District Description 5 Shighnan District Historical 6 Assessment of Community-Based Early Warning System in Shighnan District 6.1 Risk Knowledge 6.2 Monitoring and Warning Services 6.3 Communication and Dissemination 6.4 Response Capability 6.5 Results and Impacts 7 Challenges and Recommendation References Proposed Study Design for Spatio-Temporal Drought Assessment Using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Adaptation Over Mantaro Valley, Peru 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Climate Change in the Peruvian Tropical Andes 2.2 Culture 2.3 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 2.4 Importance of Climate Change Variability 2.5 National Adaptation Plan 3 Prospective Methodology 3.1 Selection of the Study Area 3.2 Data Collection Method and Sources 3.3 Data Analysis 4 Adaptation Actions Analysis 5 Expected Results References Leveraging Technology to Accelerate Implementation and Scale Leveraging Leading Edge Digital Models, Developed Under Urban Computing Principles, to Support Flood Risk Assessment in Cities 1 Introduction 2 Urban Floods and Flood Risk Assessment 3 Digital Models, Tools, and Techniques for Flood Risk Assessment 4 Case Studies 5 Challenges and Opportunities 5.1 Public Sector Capacity and Collaborative Development of Solutions 5.2 Technical Readiness, Local Contextual Integration, Interoperability, Harmonization, and Standardization at the Global Scale 5.3 Data Availability in the Global South 5.4 Collaborative, Context-Specific, and Inclusive Solution Development 5.5 Scientific Studies of These Technologies and Their Application (Future Research Required) 6 Conclusion References Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to Drive Flood Reduction Solution Markets and Financing 1 Introduction 2 Role for Insurance in Climate and Flood Risk Financing 3 The Basics of Distributed Ledger Technologies 4 DLT for Flood and Adaptation Insurance 5 Implementation and Challenges 6 Conclusions References Case Study Synthesis and Transformational Approaches to Adaptation and Green Recovery Case Study Findings and Synthesis of Learnings 1 Introduction 2 Case Study Flood Risk Assessments 3 Green Recovery Planning 4 Local Context Variables and Adaptive Capacity Conditions 4.1 Social Conditions 4.2 Governmental and Policy Conditions 4.3 Economic and Adaptation Finance Conditions 4.4 Technological Infrastructure and Access to Solutions 5 Current Disaster Risk Management Methodologies and Their Application References Co-benefits of Combining Adaptation and Mitigation Frameworks: A Cross-Cutting Approach 1 IPCC Guidelines for the Linkages Between Mitigation, Adaptation and Sustainable Development 2 An Integrated Approach to Air, Earth, Fire and Water 3 Implications of Case Studies for Benefits for SDGs References The Critical Role of Community-Driven Adaptation and Resilience Building: Bright Spots and Lessons from the State of California 1 Overview 2 The Continuum of Community Engagement 3 Summary of equitable planning consideration in the 2020 adaptation planning guide 4 How Equity and Community Engagement Is Built into California Adaptation and Resilience Policies 4.1 California Climate Adaptation Strategy and Coordination 4.2 State Level Government Agency Resilience Planning and Policy 4.3 Local General Plan Requirements 4.4 Regional and City Adaptation and Resilience Infrastructure and Initiatives 5 California’s Transformative Climate Communities Program: Unlocking the Power of Community-Led Decision Making 5.1 Overview to California’s Transformative Climate Communities Program 5.2 TCC Community Spotlight—Transform Fresno 5.3 TCC Community Spotlight—Stockton Rising 6 California’s Transformative Climate Communities Program: Takeaways and Reflections 6.1 TCC Demonstrates the Possibility and Power of Equity-Centered and Community-Led Decision Making 6.2 Government Perspectives: Mindset Shifts, Best Practices, and Policy Drivers for Replication and Scale 6.3 Conclusion References Looking Forward: Building Vibrant, Climate Adaptive, and Resilient Cities and Communities 1 Introduction 2 Key Case Study Insights and Learning 3 New Tools and Frameworks 4 Key Takeaways and Future Directions 5 Final Message