Cross-Cultural Analysis : The Science and Art of Comparing the World′s Modern Societies and Their Cultures

**Cross-Cultural Analysis** is the sequel to __Culture's Consequences__, the classic work published by Geert Hofstede, one of the most influential management thinkers in today's times. Hofstede's original work introduced a new research paradigm in cross-cultural analysis: studying cultural differences through nation-level dimensions (complex variables defined by intercorrelated items). This paradigm has been subsequently used by hundreds of prominent scholars all over the world and has produced solid results. This new text takes the next step: It critically examines in one comprehensive volume the current, prevalent approaches to cross-cultural analysis at the level of nations that have been developed since Hofstede's work, offering students and researchers the theoretical and practical advantages and potential pitfalls of each method. The book is structured into four distinct parts. Parts I and II focus on the main theoretical and statistical issues in cross-cultural analysis using Hofstede's approach and the different research methods now associated with it. Part II consists of presentations of all well-known (and some lesser known) large-scale cross-cultural studies since Hofstede's work that have explained cross-cultural variation in terms of dimensional models. Part III summarizes the main conclusions to be drawn from the presentations in Part II and l explains how the proposed models have contributed to our practical understanding of cross-cultural diversity. "Cross-Cultural Analysis" is the sequel to "Culture's Consequences", the classic work published by one of the most influential management thinkers in today's times, Geert Hofstede. Hofstede's original work introduced a new research paradigm in cross-cultural analysis: studying cultural differences through nation-level dimensions (imaginary variables defined by intercorrelated items). This paradigm has been subsequently used by hundreds of prominent scholars all over the world and has produced solid results. This new text takes the next step: It critically examines in one comprehensive volume all current, prevalent methods that have been developed since Hofstede's work, offering students and researchers the theoretical and practical advantages and potential pitfalls of each approach. The book is structured into two distinct parts. Part I focuses on the main theoretical and statistical issues in cross-cultural analysis using Hofstede's method and the different research methods now associated with it. Part II will consist of presentations of all well-known (and some less known) large-scale cross-cultural studies, since Hofstede's, that have explained cross-cultural variation in terms of dimensional models. The presentations will explain how these models have contributed to our practical understanding of cross-cultural diversity. Key features of the work include: coverage of all large-scale cross-cultural studies, including ones led by Hofstede; Schwartz; Bond; Noorderhaven; Smith, Dugan; Trompenaars; Levine; Kuppens; Schimmack; Schmidt; Project GLOBE; TIMSS; Lynn and Vanhanen; McCrae; Smith; Inglehart; and, Minkov "Cross-Cultural Analysis is the sequel to Culture's Consequences, the classic work published by Geert Hofstede, one of the most influential management thinkers in today's times. Hofstede's original work introduced a new research paradigm in cross-cultural analysis: studying cultural differences through nation-level dimensions (complex variables defined by intercorrelated items). This paradigm has been subsequently used by hundreds of prominent scholars all over the world and has produced solid results. This new text takes the next step: It critically examines in one comprehensive volume the current, prevalent approaches to cross-cultural analysis at the level of nations that have been developed since Hofstede's work, offering students and researchers the theoretical and practical advantages and potential pitfalls of each method. The book is structured into four distinct parts. Parts I and II focus on the main theoretical and statistical issues in cross-cultural analysis using Hofstede's approach and the different research methods now associated with it. Part II consists of presentations of all well-known (and some lesser known) large-scale cross-cultural studies since Hofstede's work that have explained cross-cultural variation in terms of dimensional models. Part III summarizes the main conclusions to be drawn from the presentations in Part II and l explains how the proposed models have contributed to our practical understanding of cross-cultural diversity."-- Publisher's website Cover 1 Contents 6 Foreword 13 Introduction 16 Part I - Understanding“Culture” 22 Chapter 1 - The Concept of Culture 24 Chapter 2 - Main Characteristics of Culture 34 Chapter 3 - The Elements of Culture 53 Part II - Studying Culture 74 Chapter 4 - Types of Cross-Cultural Studies: Merits and Pitfalls 76 Chapter 5 - Theoretical Versus Empirical Perspectives 87 Chapter 6 - Cross-Cultural Comparability 99 Chapter 7 - Paper-and-Pencil Studies 108 Chapter 8 - Data Analysis 138 Part III - Major Cross- cultural Studies 212 Chapter 9 - Cultural Dimensions Across Modern Nations 214 Part IV - A Summary of the Observed Cultural Differences Across the Globe 422 Chapter 10 - Cultural Differences Between Rich and Developing Countries 424 Chapter 11 - Cultural Differences Across Rich Countries 432 Chapter 12 - Cultural Differences Between Eastern Europe and Latin America 435 Chapter 13 - Cultural Differences Between East Asia and the Arab World 440 Chapter 14 - Cultural Differences Between the Arab World and Sub-Saharan Africa 445 Appendix 449 References 457 Index 485 About the Author 496 The first comprehensive and statistically significant analysis of the predictive powers of each cross-cultural model, based on nation-level variables from a range of large-scale database sources such as the World Values Survey, the Pew Research Center, the World Bank, the World Health Organization, the UN Statistics Division, UNDP, the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, TIMSS, OECD PISA. Tables with scores for all culture-level dimensions in all major cross-cultural analyses (involving 20 countries or more) that have been published so far in academic journals or books. The book will be an invaluable resource to masters and PhD students taking advanced courses in cross-cultural research and analysis in Management, Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and related programs. It will also be a must-have reference for academics studying cross-cultural dimensions and differences across the social and behavioral sciences Understanding "culture" The concept of culture Main characteristics of culture The elements of culture Studying culture Types of cross-cultural studies : merits and pitfalls Theoretical versus empirical perspectives Cross-cultural comparability Paper-and-pencil studies Data analysis.