Critique de la vie quotidienne : 1. Introduction

Ideal for microbiology/science majors The third edition of Microbiology provides in-depth coverage of the science of microscopic organisms. Providing a balanced presentation of foundational concepts, real-world applications, and current research and experimentation, this comprehensive textbook facilitates a thorough understanding of the scope, nature, and complexity of microbiology. The text approaches the subject within the context of exploration and experimentation, integrating a wealth of classroom-tested pedagogical features. The material is organized around the three pillars of physiology, ecology and genetics -- helping students appreciate the interconnected and dynamic nature of microbiology as they explore individual microbes and the relation between different types of microbes, other organisms, and the environment. Detailed yet accessible chapters illustrate how an experiment proceeds, explain how microbes replicate, clarify the flow of concept processes, and summarize key points. Challenging end-of-chapter questions both test students’ understanding of the material and strengthen critical thinking skills. This new edition contains up-to-date coverage of topics including DNA replication and gene expression, viral pathogenesis, microbial biotechnology, adaptive immunity, the control of infectious diseases, the microbiology of food and water, and integrated coverage of COVID-19. Cover Title Page Copyright Dedications About the Authors Why We Wrote This Book Special Features Preface Acknowledgments Brief Contents Contents Part I: The Microbes Chapter 1: The Microbial World 1.1 The Microbes Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research The Three Domains of Life Toolbox 1.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification of rRNA Genes 1.2 Microbial Physiology, Genetics, and Cultivation Perspective 1.1 Creating Life in the Laboratory: The Miller–Urey Experiment 1.3 Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology 1.4 Microbes and Disease Chapter 2: Bacteria 2.1 Morphology of Bacterial Cells Perspective 2.1 Making the Microbiology Laboratory Accessible 2.2 The Cytoplasm 2.3 The Bacterial Cytoskeleton Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Magnetosomes: Uncovering the Structure of Bacterial Organelles 2.4 The Cell Envelope Toolbox 2.1 The Gram Stain Perspective 2.2 The Protective Shells of Endospores 2.5 The Bacterial Cell Surface 2.6 Diversity of Bacteria Chapter 3: Eukaryal Microorganisms 3.1 Morphology of Eukaryal Cells Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Lipid Rafts: Organized Clustering of Lipids within a Membrane Toolbox 3.1 Using Microscopy to Examine Cell Structure Perspective 3.1 Hijacking the Cytoskeleton 3.2 Diversity of Eukaryal Microorganisms 3.3 Replication of Eukaryal Microorganisms 3.4 The Origin of Eukaryal Cells Perspective 3.2 Secondary endosymbiosis: The origins of an organelle with four membranes 3.5 Interactions Between Eukaryal Microorganisms and Animals, Plants, and the Environment Chapter 4: Archaea 4.1 Evolution of Archaea 4.2 Archaeal Cell Structure Toolbox 4.1 Vaccine Delivery Strategies 4.3 Diversity of Archaea Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research The Role of Archaea in Our Digestive System Perspective 4.1 Extremophiles and Biotechnology Chapter 5: Viruses 5.1 A Basic Overview of Viruses Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research New Findings in the Packaging of DNA by the Model Bacteriophage T4 5.2 Origins of Viruses Perspective 5.1 Ribozymes: Evidence for an RNA-Based World 5.3 Cultivation, Purification, and Quantification of Viruses Toolbox 5.1 Cell Culture Techniques Perspective 5.2 Measurement of HIV Viral Load 5.4 Diversity of Viruses Toolbox 5.2 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) 5.5 Virus-Like Particles 5.6 Virology Today Chapter 6: Metabolism 6.1 Acquisition of Carbon, Energy, and Electrons 6.2 Energy, Enzymes, and ATP Perspective 6.1 Who Needs Vitamins 6.3 Central Processes in ATP Synthesis 6.4 Carbon Utilization in Microorganisms 6.5 Respiration and the Electron Transport System Perspective 6.2 Electricigenic Bacteria and Microbial Fuel Cells 6.6 Metabolism of Non-glucose Carbon Sources Toolbox 6.1 Metabolism and Rapid Bacterial Identification Systems 6.7 Phototrophy and Photosynthesis Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Genome Sequence of a Deep Sea Symbiont 6.8 Nitrogen and Sulfur Metabolism 6.9 Biosynthesis of Cellular Components Part II: Microbial Genetics Chapter 7: Cultivating Microorganisms 7.1 Factors Affecting Microbial Growth Toolbox 7.1 Phenotype Microarrays for Examining Microbial Growth 7.2 Growing Microorganisms in the Laboratory Perspective 7.1 The Discovery of Helicobacter pylori Toolbox 7.2 FISHING for Uncultivated Microorganisms Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Bringing to Life the Previously Unculturable Using the Soil Substrate Membrane System (SSMS) 7.3 Measuring Microbial Population Growth Perspective 7.2 Mycobacterium leprae, An Extraordinarily Slow-growing Pathogen Perspective 7.3 The Human Intestine: A Continuous Culture 7.4 Eliminating Microbes and Preventing their Growth Chapter 8: DNA Replication and Gene Expression 8.1 The Role of DNA 8.2 DNA Replication Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Telomeres with Promoter Activity 8.3 Transcription Toolbox 8.1 Using a Gel Shift Assay to Identify DNA-binding Proteins 8.4 Translation 8.5 The Effects of Mutations Perspective 8.1 Using Mutations to Control Viral Infections Chapter 9: Viral Replication Strategies 9.1 Recognition of Host Cells Perspective 9.1 Identifying Emerging Viral Pathogens Toolbox 9.1 The Western Blot 9.2 Viral Entry and Uncoating 9.3 Viral Replication Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research The Discovery of Reverse Transcriptase Perspective 9.2 Phage Therapy: Biocontrol for Infections 9.4 Viral Assembly and Egress Chapter 10: Bacterial Genetic Analysis and Manipulation 10.1 Bacteria as Subjects of Genetic Research 10.2 Mutations, Mutants, and Strains Toolbox 10.1 Isolating Nutritional Mutants 10.3 Restriction Enzymes, Vectors, and Cloning 10.4 Recombination and DNA Transfer Perspective 10.1 Plasmids That Produce Pathogens Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research The Discovery of Transduction Chapter 11: Microbial Genomics 11.1 Genome Sequencing Perspective 11.1 Rate of DNA Sequencing Toolbox 11.1 Genome databases 11.2 Genomic Analysis of Gene Expression 11.3 Comparative Genomics Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Genome Sequence of a Killer Bug Perspective 11.2 The Minimal Genome 11.4 Metagenomics and Related Analyses Chapter 12: Regulation of Gene Expression 12.1 Differential Gene Expression 12.2 The Operon Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Tuning Promoters for Use in Synthetic Biology 12.3 Global Gene Regulation Perspective 12.1 The Use of Lactose Analogs in Gene Expression Studies 12.4 Post-Initiation Control of Gene Expression Toolbox 12.1 Using RNA molecules to decrease gene expression 12.5 Quorum Sensing 12.6 Two-Component Regulatory Systems 12.7 Chemotaxis Part III: Microbial Physiology and Ecology Chapter 13: Biogeochemical Cycles 13.1 Nutrient Cycling Toolbox 13.1 Using Microarrays to Examine Microbial Communities: The GeoChip 13.2 Cycling Driven by Carbon Metabolism Perspective 13.1 CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas and Its Influence on Climate Change 13.3 Cycling Driven by Nitrogen Metabolism Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research The First Isolation and Cultivation of a Marine Archaeon 13.4 Other Cycles and their Connections Perspective 13.2 Life in a World without Microbes Perspective 13.3 The Microbiology of Environmentally Toxic Acid Mine Drainage Toolbox 13.2 Biogeochemistry in a Bottle: The Winogradsky Column Chapter 14: Microbial Ecosystems 14.1 Microbes in the Environment 14.2 Microbial Community Analysis Toolbox 14.1 Flow Cytometry Perspective 14.1 Naming the Uncultured and Uncharacterized Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Insights into the Phylogeny and Coding Potential of Microbial Dark Matter 14.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Perspective 14.2 Dead Zones 14.4 Terrestrial Ecosystems 14.5 Deep Subsurface and Geothermal Ecosystems Chapter 15: Microbial Symbionts 15.1 Types of Microbe-Host Interactions 15.2 Symbionts of Plants Perspective 15.1 The Possible Impossible Vegan Patty 15.3 Symbionts of Humans Toolbox 15.1 Germ-free and Gnotobiotic Animals Perspective 15.2 Food Probiotics—Do They Work Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Fecal Bacteriotherapy: “Repoopulation” of the Gut 15.4 Symbionts of Herbivores Perspective 15.3 Cows Contribute to Climate Change 15.5 Symbionts of Invertebrates Perspective 15.4 Midichlorians—Not Just for Jedi Perspective 15.5 Death of Coral Reefs Chapter 16: Microbial Biotechnology 16.1 Microbes for Biotechnology Perspective 16.1 Bioprospecting: Who Owns the Microbes 16.2 Molecular Genetic Modification Toolbox 16.1 Site-Directed Mutagenesis Toolbox 16.2 Fusion Protein Purification Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Making a Synthetic Genome Perspective 16.2 The International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition, Standard Biological Parts, and Synthetic Biology 16.3 Red Biotechnology 16.4 White Biotechnology Perspective 16.3 Biofuels: Biodiesel and Algae 16.5 Green Biotechnology Toolbox 16.3 Plant Transformation Using Bacteria Chapter 17: The Microbiology of Food and Water 17.1 Food Spoilage 17.2 Food Preservation 17.3 Food Fermentation 17.4 Foodborne and Waterborne Illness 17.5 Microbiological Aspects of Water Quality Perspective 17.1 Implications of Sludge Bulking Toolbox 17.1 Measuring Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Enhanced Biological Removal of Phosphorus Toolbox 17.2 Most Probable Number (MPN) Method Part IV: Microbes and Disease Chapter 18: Introduction to Infectious Diseases 18.1 Pathogenic Microbes Toolbox 18.1 Measuring the Virulence of Pathogens 18.2 Microbial Virulence Strategies Perspective 18.1 Genome Editing: A powerful and Controversial New Technique 18.3 The Transmission of Infectious Diseases Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Epidemiology of an Infectious Disease 18.4 Proving Cause and Effect in Microbial Infections Perspective 18.2 The Armadillo—An Ideal Animal Model 18.5 The Evolution of Pathogens Chapter 19: Innate Host Defenses Against Microbial Invasion 19.1 Immunity 19.2 Barriers to Infection Perspective 19.1 Messy Mucus Perspective 19.2 Alzheimer’s Disease: Aluminium, B-amyloid, Gum Disease: Which Is It? 19.3 The Inflammatory Response 19.4 The Molecules of the Innate System Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Mammalian Cells Can Recognize Bacterial DNA Toolbox 19.1 The Complement Fixation Test 19.5 The Cells of Innate Immunity 19.6 Invertebrate Defenses Toolbox 19.2 The Limulus Amoebocyte Assay for LPS Chapter 20: Adaptive Immunity 20.1 Features of Adaptive Immunity 20.2 T Cells 20.3 Antigen Processing 20.4 Antigen-Presenting Cells 20.5 Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Perspective 20.1 Too Much of a Good Thing Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Attempting to Engineer a Virus to Improve Immunocontraception 20.6 B Cells and the Production of Antibody Perspective 20.2 Vaccines Against T-independent Antigens Toolbox 20.1 Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) Production Toolbox 20.2 Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Perspective 20.3 Turning Antibody Upside Down Chapter 21: Bacterial Pathogenesis 21.1 Bacterial Virulence Factors Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Escherichia Coli Injects Its Own Receptor Perspective 21.1 Iron, Vampires, Fashion, and the White Plague 21.2 Bacterial Virulence Factors—Toxins Toolbox 21.1 Serotyping Perspective 21.2 The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly Side of Botulinum Toxin Perspective 21.3 Superabsorbent Tampons and Superantigens 21.3 Survival in the Host: Strategies and Consequences Toolbox 21.2 The Tuberculin Test for Tuberculosis 21.4 Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens Perspective 21.4 Antibiotics Trigger Toxins Chapter 22: Viral Pathogenesis 22.1 Recurring Themes in Viral Pathogenesis Perspective 22.1 Vertical Transmission of HIV 22.2 Interactions with the Host: Strategies and Consequences Perspective 22.2 Viral Induction of Apoptosis 22.3 Viral Infections and Cancer Toolbox 22.1 Immunoprecipitation Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Viruses that Cause Cancer by Affecting Cellular Proliferation Perspective 22.3 SV40 and Human Cancers 22.4 Evolution of Viral Pathogens Perspective 22.4 What is it about Bats? Perspective 22.5 Ethical Concerns about Avian Flu Research Chapter 23: Eukaryal Pathogenesis 23.1 Mechanisms of Eukaryal Pathogenesis Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research An Experimental System for the Genomic Study of Dutch Elm Disease Perspective 23.1 Pneumocystis Jirovecii or Carinii : The Evolving Field of Taxonomy Perspective 23.2 Magic Mushrooms 23.2 Pathogen Study: Plasmodium Falciparum Toolbox 23.1 Testing for Malaria 23.3 Macroscopic Eukaryal Pathogens 23.4 Evolution of Eukaryal Pathogens Perspective 23.3 Chytrid Fungus: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen Perspective 23.4 What if the Parasites Disappeared Chapter 24: Control of Infectious Diseases 24.1 Historical Aspects of Infectious Disease Treatment and Control 24.2 Antimicrobial Drugs 24.3 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Mini-Paper: A Focus on the Research Tracking Acquisition of Antibiotic Resistance In Real Time Toolbox 24.1 Drug Susceptibility Testing and MIC Perspective 24.1 The Pursuit of New Antibiotics: Why Bother? Perspective 24.2 Health Care-Associated Infections: A Recipe for Resistance 24.4 Predicting and Controlling Epidemics 24.5 Immunization and Vaccines Perspective 24.3 Variolation: Deliberate Infection with Smallpox Virus Perspective 24.4 The War Against Vaccines Appendix A: Scientific Articles Appendix B: Microscopy Appendix C: Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Microbes Appendix D: Origin of Blood Cells Glossary Index EULA "Several features within the book will help our students understand and appreciate the science behind our knowledge. Each chapter begins with an opening vignette-a short story that frames a basic question within the context of both contemporary and historical issues-visually supported by a dynamic illustration. As the chapter unfolds, references back to the opening vignette are made repeatedly. At the conclusion of each chapter, an additional feature, The Rest of the Story, refers back to this opening vignette and art. This also ties into an active learning feature, Image in Action, that includes several critical-thinking questions. Each chapter contains a Mini-Paper, a synopsis of a scientific journal article that includes original data Questions for Discussion, and interactive online questions that focus on concepts and experimental design. Through the use of this feature, students will see how microbiologists ask intelligent questions, rationally design experiments, and evaluate data. In this edition, several new Mini-Papers have been included. Again, this feature will improve students' critical thinking skills and show them that our knowledge is evidence-based"-- Provided by publisher