Critical companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914-1921

Critical Companion to the Russian Revoultion 1914-1921 constitutes a landmark in the study of the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Civil War. Published in parallel in English and Russian, it provides direct access to modern research on the subject. It is able to reflect the impact on the study of the Revolution made by the collapse of the USSR; much freer access to the archives; current concern with the analysis of language, discourse and identity; and the new opportunities for collaboration between Russian and non-Russian specialists drawn from across the world. Contents Contributors List of maps Acknowledgements and note on transliteration and dates Part I. Introduction The Revolution and its Historians: The Critical Companion in Context Content, scope, contributors Controversy over the revolution The collapse o£ Marxism-Leninism and the resurgence of the right The impact of post-modernism A landmark Further reading Interpreting Revolutionary Russia Imperial Russia and the revolutionary experience Ideology as explanation and the representation of social identity Locations of power and the question of the state The economy as ‘instituted process’ The significations of October Civil wars and the tragedy of competitive impossibilities Part II. The Revolution As Event Russia, Europe and World War I Further reading The February Revolution The impact of World War I Revolt Formation of the Petrograd Soviet Formation of the Duma Committee The abdication of Nicholas II and end of the counterrevolution The abdication of Grand Duke Mikhail and the formation of the Provisional Government Conclusion Further reading The April Crisis Miliukov’s diplomatic note Social confrontation The political crisis Further reading The Breakdown of the Imperial Army in 1917 The army in the February revolution The April Crisis and its aftermath at the front The June offensive Polarization and radicalization: the Kornilov fiasco The army in October Further reading The October Revolution Lenin and the Bolshevik Party, April-July The aftermath of the July Days Preparations for October Divisions within the leadership The Bolsheviks come to power and the Second Congress of Soviets The consolidation of one-party rule Further reading The Civil War Introduction The civil war and the democratic anti-Bolsheviks, October 1917 to November 1918 The civil war and the Whites, November 1918 to November 1920 The character of the civil war Further reading Foreign Intervention Western and Soviet historiography Espionage, propaganda, financial aid, counterpropaganda and covert action, February 1917-July 1918 Military intervention in North Russia, Siberia and South Russia, 1918-1919 Financial and military aid to anti-Bolshevik forces, 1919-1920: Russian propaganda and Western opinion Impact and legacy of intervention Further reading The Tenth Congress of the Communist Party and the Transition to NEP The party crisis: bureaucratization and disunity NEP Further reading Part III. Actors and the Question of Agency Chernov Further reading Kerensky Further reading Lenin Further reading Martov Further reading Miliukov Further reading Nicholas II Further reading Spiridonova Further reading Trotsky Further reading Tsereteli Further reading The White Generals Further reading Part IV. Parties, Movements, Ideologies Anarchists Further reading The Bolshevik Party Further reading The Communist Opposition Introduction The issue of coalition, Brest-Litovsk and the Left Communists The military opposition and the Democratic Centralists The ‘Workers’ Opposition’ and the trade-union controversy The Tenth Party Congress and the suppression of the opposition Background and philosophy of the opposition The failure of the opposition Previous and subsequent parallels Further reading The Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets) Further reading The Mensheviks in 1917 Before the revolution Rethinking the narrative of 1917 The Mensheviks and the role of the state From democrats to statists Further reading The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SRs), 1917-1920 Further reading Part V. Institutions and Institutional Cultures The Left Socialist Revolutionaries, 1917-1918 Further reading The Soviet State Further reading The Cheka Further reading The Constituent Assembly Further reading Education, Schools and Student Life Schools Higher education Further reading Factory Committees The origins of the factory committees The first phase of factory committee activity The radicalization of workers’ control of production The politics of workers’ control The relationship of the factory committees to the trade unions Workers’ militias and Red Guards The Bolsheviks in power Further reading Family, Marriage and Relations Between the Sexes Bolshevik theory and policy on the family Marriage and divorce Relations between the sexes Further reading Peasant Armies Introduction Peasant armies against the Whites Peasant armies against the Reds Further reading The Press and the Revolution Further reading The Provisional Government Further reading The Red Army Early Bolshevik military performance The origins of the Red Army The choice of the ‘regular’ army Civil war The party and the military The Red Army overreaches itself Peace Further reading The Russian Orthodox Church From February to October 1917 The impact of October The civil war period Historiography Further reading The Soviets Further reading Town and City Government Imperial Russia Under the Provisional Government After October Further reading The Trade Unions Trade-union traditions Trade unions in 1917 Trade unions under Communist rule Trade unions outside Communist rule Conclusions Further reading The Village Commune and Rural Government Introduction: the commune and the problem of rural government Rural government under the old regime The village revolution o£ 1917 The peasant soviets and the emergence of the Bolshevik dictatorship The unsolved problem of rural government Further reading The White Armies Introduction The Volunteer Army and the Armed Forces of South Russia The Russian Army of General Wrangel The Russian Army of Admiral Kolchak The smaller White armies Conclusion Further reading Part VI. Social Groups, Identities, Culture and the Question of Consciousness The Aristocracy and Gentry Further reading Bolshevik Cultural Policy Further reading The Cossacks The Cossack tradition The Cossack voiska in 1914 The Cossack frontoviki The struggle for Cossack autonomy The Cossacks and the Bolshevik regime Conclusion Further reading The Emigration Exodus Settling the homeless Life abroad Politics Intellectual and cultural life Returnism Further reading The Intelligentsia Controversies over definitions The intelligentsia and the revolution of 1917 Continuities and discontinuities in the intelligentsia tradition Further reading The Lower Middle Strata in 1917 Further reading Officers Further reading The Peasantry Introduction The peasantry on the eve o£ the revolution The peasant revolution, 1917-18 The peasantry in the civil war The peasant Brest-Litovsk Further reading War and population displacement Refugee resettlement and relief Refugees and the ‘humanitarian narrative’ Refugees and gender The ‘rights’ of refugees: outsiders or insiders? Refugees and the construction of ‘national’ identity Refugees after revolution Concluding remarks Further reading The Role of Ritual and Symbols Before the revolution The February revolution Soviet symbols Soviet festivals Further reading Russian Industrialists and Revolution The pre-war decades Industrialists and war Industrialists and revolution Industrialists and the Soviet state Conclusions Further reading Soldiers and Sailors World War and revolution The civil war Conclusion Further reading Women and the Gender Question Defining the subject The situation of women on the eve of the revolution Women’s participation in the revolution and the civil war The consequences of the revolution Future research Further reading Workers Size, composition and the question of the peasant-worker The question of class rule Material conditions, wage rates and rationing The fate of the eight-hour day Unemployment ‘Workers’ control’ Strikes and the decline in labour discipline Working-class attitudes towards the new regime Further reading Part VII. Economic Issues and Problems of Everyday Life Grain Monopoly and Agricultural Transformation Bolshevik axioms Grain monopoly The end of the razverstka system Agricultural policy Conclusion Further Reading Problems Of Social Welfare and Everyday Life Further reading War Communism Ideology Anti-market approach The social base of the Communist Party Communist takeover of the state Industrial management Legacies: structures and plans Coercion Economic organization War communism and command economy Further reading Part VIII. Nationality and Regional Questions Nationality Policies Further reading The Revolution in the Baltics: Estonia and Latvia Further reading The Revolution in Central Asia The revolution in the Kazakh Steppe The revolution in Turkestan The assertion of Soviet control over the Kazakh Steppe and the reconquest of Turkestan National demarcation and Soviet rule Further reading The Jews The social setting Political tendencies Economic circumstances Official policy Impact of World War I The Jewish response to the February revolution The Jewish response to the October revolution The Jews in the Ukraine Jewish cultural life Summary Further reading The Revolution and Civil War in Siberia Siberia before 1917: from conquest to revolution Siberia: February 1917-May 1918 The ‘democratic counterrevolution’: May-November 1918 The regime of Kolchak: November 1918-February 1920 Far Eastern finale: February 1919-October 1922 Conclusion Further reading The Revolution in Transcaucasia Further reading Ukraine The February revolution and the Rada The October revolution and the declaration of independence The Hetmanate The Directory and the failure of united Ukraine Conclusion Further reading Glossary and abbreviations Index of names Index of subjects The Revolution And Its Historians: The Critical Companion In Context / Edward Acton -- Interpreting Revolutionary Russia / William G. Rosenberg -- Russa, Europe And World War I / Dominic Lieven -- The February Revolution / Tsuyoshi Hasegawa -- The April Crisis / Ziva Galili -- The Breakdown Of The Imperial Army In 1917 / Allan Wildman -- The October Revolution / Alexander Rabinowitch -- The Civil War: The Military Campaigns / Evan Mawdsley -- Foreign Intervention / David S. Foglesong -- The Tenth Congress Of The Communist Party And The Transition To Nep / Sergei V. Iarov -- Chernov / Michael Melancon -- Kerensky / Boris I. Kolonitskii -- Lenin / Robert Service -- Martov / Israel Getzler -- Miliukov / Raymond Pearson -- Nicholas Ii / Dominic Lieven -- Spiridonova / Alexander Rabinowitch -- Trotsky / Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev -- Tsereteli / Ziva Galili And Albert P. Nenarokov -- The White Generals / Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev. (cont.) Anarchists / Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev -- The Bolshevik Party / Robert Service -- The Communist Opposition: From Brest-litovsk To The Tenth Party Congress / Robert V. Daniels -- The Constitutional Democratic Party (kadets) / William G. Rosenberg -- The Mensheviks In 1917 : From Democrats To Statists / Ziva Galili And Albert P. Nenarokov -- The Socialist-revolutionary Party (srs), 1917-1920 / Michael Melancon -- The Left Socialist Revolutionaries, 1917-1918 / Michael Melancon -- The Soviet State / Robert Service -- The Cheka / Alter L. Litvin -- The Constituent Assembly / Nikolai N. Smirnov -- Education, Schools And Student Life / Aleksei R. Markov -- Factory Committees / Steve Smith -- Family, Marriage And Relations Between The Sexes / Elizabeth Waters -- Peasant Armies / Orlando Figes -- The Press And The Revolution / Boris I. Kolonitskii -- The Provisional Government / Howard White -- The Red Army / Francesco Benvenuti -- The Russian Orthodox Church / Mikhail V. Shkarovskii -- The Soviets / Nikolai N. Smirnov -- The Trade Unions / Diane P. Koenker -- The Village Commune And Rural Government / Orlando Figes -- The White Armies / Evan Mawdsley (cont.)the Aristocracy And Gentry / Dominic Lieven -- Bolshevik Cultural Policy / Christopher Read -- The Cossacks / Shane O'rourke -- The Emigration / Robert C. Williams -- The Intelligentsia / Jane Burbank -- The Lower Middle Strata In 1917 / Daniel Orlovsky -- Officers / Peter Kenez -- The Peasantry / Orlando Figes -- Refugees In The Russian Empire, 1914-1917: Population Displacement And Social Identity / Peter Gatrell -- Soldiers And Sailors / Evan Mawdsley -- Women And The Gender Question / Barbara Evans Clements -- Workers / Sergei V. Iarov -- Grain Monopoly And Agricultural Transformation: Ideals And Necessities / Lars T. Lih -- Problems Of Social Welfare And Everyday Life / William G. Rosenberg -- War Communism / Silvana Malle -- Nationality Policies / Ronald G. Suny -- The Revolution In The Baltics: Estonia And Latvia / Olavi Arens And Andrew Ezergailis -- The Revolution In Central Asia / Martha Brill Olcott -- The Jews / John D. Klier -- The Revolution And Civil War In Siberia / Alan Wood -- The Revolutin In Transcaucasia / Ronald G. Suny -- Ukraine / Mark Von Hagen Edited By Edward Acton, Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev, William G. Rosenberg. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes. Essays by 46 historians reflect the impact of the fall of the Soviet Union on the study of the revolution that birthed it, including better access to archives and new opportunities for collaborations between Russian and other specialists. They cover the revolution as event; actors and the question of agency; parties, movements, and ideologies; institutions and institutional cultures; social groups, identities, cultures, and the question of consciousness; economic issues and problems of everyday life; and nationality and regional questions. c. Book News Inc