Critical Care of Children with Heart Disease : Basic Medical and Surgical Concepts

Pediatric cardiac intensive care patients pose special challenges to those practitioners caring for them. Many issues may be encountered when caring for children in a cardiac intensive care setting, which will significantly influence the management of these patients. Critical Care of Children with Heart Disease provides the physician with an overview of both the medical and surgical facets of caring for pediatric patients with congenital or acquired cardiac disease. It covers the general aspects of pediatric intensive care ranging from mechanical ventilation and cardiac anesthesia, sedation and pain management, to cardiopulmonary bypass, cardiac catheterization, echocardiography, in addition to describing the special monitoring required for pediatric cardiac patients. It also includes important recent developments in assessing and reporting risk factors. Specific cardiac anomalies, including acyanotic defects, right and left obstructive heart lesions, atrio-ventricular valve anomalies, pulmonary hypertension, cardiomyopathies, and other complex heart defects, are also addressed, while mechanical assistance, renal replacement therapy, transplant, arrhythmias, as well as the ethical and legal issues involving the discontinuation of support of patients are also covered in detail. The internationally renowned Editorial board have assembled a distinguished panel of contributors to write this valuable teaching and learning resource. It will be of great value to all physicians involved in the management of pediatric cardiac intensive care patients including cardiac intensivists, surgeons, fellows, residents and nurses. Front Matter....Pages i-xxviii Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Transition from the Fetal to the Neonatal Circulation....Pages 3-11 Triage and Transport of Infants and Children with Cardiac Disease....Pages 13-21 Airway Control, Mechanical Ventilation, and Respiratory Care....Pages 23-31 Heart–Lung Interactions....Pages 33-36 Cardiac Catheterization....Pages 37-55 Echocardiography....Pages 57-75 Cardiac Anesthesia....Pages 77-81 A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Review....Pages 83-87 Sedation and Analgesia....Pages 89-96 Monitoring of the Cardiac Patient....Pages 97-102 The Effects of Cardiopulmonary Bypass Following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery....Pages 103-120 Nursing Care of the Pediatric Cardiac Patient....Pages 121-125 Cardiac Database and Risk Factor Assessment. Outcomes Analysis for Congenital Cardiac Disease....Pages 127-142 Front Matter....Pages 144-144 Patent Ductus Arteriosus....Pages 145-157 Atrial Septal Defects....Pages 159-167 Ventricular Septal Defects....Pages 169-176 Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defects....Pages 177-189 Aortopulmonary Window....Pages 191-197 Tetralogy of Fallot....Pages 199-206 Tetralogy of Fallot with Absent Pulmonary Valve....Pages 207-211 Front Matter....Pages 144-144 Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Atresia....Pages 213-219 Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Interventricular Septum....Pages 221-229 Pulmonary Stenosis....Pages 231-240 Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction....Pages 241-255 Coarctation of the Aorta....Pages 257-266 Interrupted Aortic Arch....Pages 267-272 Mitral Valve Anomalies and Related Disorders....Pages 273-299 Mitral Stenosis....Pages 301-312 Prosthetic Valves....Pages 313-322 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome....Pages 323-330 Single Ventricle. General Aspects....Pages 331-348 Anomalous Pulmonary Veins....Pages 349-357 Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries....Pages 359-373 Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries (ccTGA) or Levo-Transposition of the Great Arteries (l-TGA)....Pages 375-382 Truncus Arteriosus....Pages 383-398 Double Outlet Right Ventricle....Pages 399-410 Ebstein’s Disease....Pages 411-422 Anomalous Coronary Arteries....Pages 423-433 Aortic Valve Regurgitation....Pages 435-438 Vascular Rings and Pulmonary Sling....Pages 439-444 Front Matter....Pages 144-144 Takayasu Arteritis....Pages 445-448 Aortic Dissection....Pages 449-454 Tracheal Reconstruction....Pages 455-466 Front Matter....Pages 468-468 Acute Pulmonary Hypertension....Pages 469-481 Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension....Pages 483-505 Acute Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathies....Pages 507-519 Pericardial Diseases....Pages 521-541 Infective Endocarditis....Pages 543-556 Cardiac Failure....Pages 557-572 Shock in the Cardiac Patient: A Brief Overview....Pages 573-585 Mechanical Circulatory Support in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery....Pages 587-601 Heart Transplantation....Pages 603-617 Arrhythmias in the Intensive Care Unit....Pages 619-636 Pacemakers (Temporary and Permanent), Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy....Pages 637-643 Discontinuation of Life: Ethical and Legal Issues....Pages 645-649 Front Matter....Pages 652-652 Respiratory Complications: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Chylothorax, Diaphragmatic Palsy, and Functional and Respiratory Physiotherapy....Pages 653-659 Gastrointestinal Complications: Necrotizing Enterocolitis, Malrotation, and Protein Losing Enteropathy....Pages 661-669 Malnutrition and Feeding Difficulties: Guidelines for Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition....Pages 671-677 Hematological Aspects: Anticoagulation, Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, Plasma Exchange....Pages 679-685 Renal Failure and Replacement Therapy....Pages 687-704 Front Matter....Pages 652-652 Neurogical Complications: Intracranial Bleeding, Stroke and Seizures....Pages 705-713 Infections in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit....Pages 715-721 Skin Protection....Pages 723-727 Back Matter....Pages 729-746 Critical Care of Children with Heart Disease will summarize the comprehensive medical and surgical management of the acutely-ill patient with congenital and acquired cardiac disease. The aim of the book is to teach bedside physicians, nurses and other caregivers, basic and practical concepts of anatomy, pathophysiology, surgical techniques and peri-operative management of critically ill children and adults with congenital heart disease, allowing these professionals to anticipate, prevent or else treat such pathologies. The book will cover specific cardiac lesions, review their anatomy, pathophysiology, current preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative assessment and management; medical and surgical complications will be briefly described with each lesion further discussed in specific chapters. In addition, the book will have dedicated chapters to management of cardiac patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, hemofiltration, hemo or peritoneal dialysis and plasma exchange. Practical guidelines for cardiovascular nursing care will be also included. This book will summarize the comprehensive medical and surgical management of the acutely-ill patient with congenital and acquired cardiac disease. The aim of the book is to teach bedside physicians, nurses and other caregivers, basic and practical concepts of anatomy, pathophysiology, surgical techniques and peri-operative management of critically ill children and adults with congenital heart disease, allowing these professionals to anticipate, prevent or else treat such pathologies. The book will cover specific cardiac lesions, review their anatomy, pathophysiology, current preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative assessment and management; medical and surgical complications will be briefly described with each lesion further discussed in specific chapters. In addition, the book will have dedicated chapters to management of cardiac patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, hemofiltration, hemo or peritoneal dialysis and plasma exchange This volume teaches healthcare professionals the fundamentals of anatomy, surgical techniques and peri-operative management necessary to effectively treat children with heart disease. Chapters are dedicated to the management of cardiac patients in various conditions in addition to guidelines for cardiovascular nursing.