روانشناسی جنایی و فناوری‌های forensic: رویکردی مشترک برای پروفایلینگ مؤثر

Offender profiling has been developing slowly as a possible investigative tool since 1841 and the publication of Edgar Allen Poe's The Murder in the Rue Morgue. In this book, detective C. Auguste Dupin demonstrates the ability to follow the thought patterns of a companion while they stroll through Paris for 15 minutes without speaking a word. Today profiling is an important investigative tool. Nevertheless, it often represents a less than educated attempt to provide law enforcement agencies with detailed information about the behavior of an unknown individual who has committed a crime. Criminal Psychology and Forensic Technology: A Collaborative Approach to Effective Profiling introduces alternative approaches to improving the way crimes are investigated and offender profiles are generated. It shows forensic evidence experts how to work with profilers to combine discrete data into a more meaningful picture. The contributors address both their own specialty, such as anthropology, and then demonstrate how working in conjunction with criminal psychologists can provide more effective offender profiles. This book is unique in that it provides you with an array of articles that fuse aspects of criminal psychology and several forensic science methods in a collaborative effort to improve profiling. Written in a format that is simple and straightforward, it utilizes actual case studies to show how specific procedures relate to police investigations. The only book on the market that shows a team approach to criminal profiling, Criminal Psychology and Forensic Technology: A Collaborative Approach to Effective Profiling is a reference perfect for students interested in learning criminal profiling techniques and professionals wishing to sharpen their skills. Whatever your reason for choosing this book, it will enlighten you about alternative investigative tools. Criminal Psychology and Forensic Technology: A Collaborative Approach to Effective Profiling......Page 1 Back Cover......Page 2 Copyright Info......Page 4 Preface......Page 5 Heuristics and Biases in Decision Making......Page 6 Post Hoc Fallacy......Page 7 Acknowledgments......Page 9 About the Author......Page 10 Introduction......Page 11 Section 1. Forensic Science and Criminal Investigations......Page 12 Section 4. Profiling and Linking Crimes......Page 13 Section 6. Psycho-Geographical Profiling......Page 14 A Final Thought......Page 15 Contributors......Page 16 Dedication......Page 20 TOC......Page 21 1.1.1 Introduction to Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology......Page 23 1.1.2 Search and Location......Page 25 1.1.2.1 Cartography......Page 26 1.1.2.3 Landscape and Vegetation Appraisal......Page 27 1.1.2.4 Geophysical Techniques......Page 28 1.1.2.5 Other Search Methods......Page 29 1.1.3 Excavation and Recovery......Page 31 1.1.4 Passive Conservation of Materials......Page 32 1.1.5 Forensic Anthropology......Page 33 1.1.6.1 Adaptation......Page 34 1.1.7 Conclusion......Page 35 1.2 Palynology: A New Tool for the Forensic Investigator......Page 36 1.2.1 Historical Perspective......Page 37 1.2.2 Palynomorph Production and Environments......Page 40 1.2.3 Forensic Palynomorph Collection......Page 41 1.2.4 Forensic Palynology and Illegal Drugs......Page 42 1.2.5 Additional Forensic Palynology Applications......Page 43 1.2.7 Hydrochloric Acid (Hcl)......Page 44 1.2.9 Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)......Page 45 1.2.11 Staining......Page 46 1.2.12 Mounting Preparation......Page 47 1.2.14 Summary......Page 48 1.3 Forensic Entomology: A Valuable Resource for Death Investigations......Page 50 1.3.1.2 Cases of Abuse and Neglect......Page 52 1.3.2.1 A Murdered Army Private......Page 53 1.3.2.2 The Missing Man Who Wasn’t......Page 55 1.3.2.3 Where Have You Been?......Page 56 References......Page 57 2.1.2 Information......Page 61 2.1.4 The Intelligence Process......Page 62 2.1.8 Strategic Intelligence......Page 64 2.1.11.1 Strategy Is Key to Proactive Enforcement......Page 65 2.1.12 Intelligence Analysis Serves Management......Page 66 2.1.16 Action-Oriented......Page 67 2.2 Construction of Offender Profiles Using Fuzzy Logic......Page 69 2.2.1 Nature of Fuzzy Variables......Page 70 2.2.3 Modeling Offender Profiles......Page 71 2.2.4 Technique......Page 72 2.2.5 Aggregation Techniques......Page 74 2.2.6 Hypothetical Example......Page 75 2.2.7 Implications......Page 76 2.3.1 The Origins of the FBI Serial Murder Project......Page 80 2.3.2 The Organized Serial Murderer......Page 81 2.3.3 The Disorganized Serial Murderer......Page 83 2.3.5 Reliability of the FBI Serial Murderer Sample......Page 85 2.3.6 Inferring Behavior from Fantasy in the FBI Model......Page 86 2.3.7 Validity of the FBI Serial Murder Model......Page 87 2.3.9 False Dichotomization of Variables......Page 88 2.3.11 The Personality to Behavior Confusion......Page 89 2.3.12.1 Sewell’s Approach......Page 90 2.3.14 Hickey’s Approach......Page 91 2.3.15 The Dietz Approach......Page 92 2.3.16 Keppel and Walter Approach......Page 93 2.3.18 Induction as Systematization......Page 94 2.3.19 Deriving Inductive Profiles from Deductive Experiences......Page 95 2.3.20 A Move Towards a Facet Classification of Serial Murderers......Page 96 2.4 Criminal Psychological Profiling in Violent Crime Investigations: a Comparative Assessment of Accuracy......Page 98 2.4.2 Investigative Experience......Page 99 2.4.4 Intuition......Page 100 2.4.5.1 Participants......Page 102 2.4.6 Materials......Page 103 2.4.7 Procedure......Page 104 2.4.8.1 Measures of Accuracy......Page 105 2.4.9 Differences Between Expertise Groups......Page 106 2.4.11 On the Accuracy of Profilers......Page 107 2.4.13 Better than Bartenders?......Page 109 2.4.14 Discussion......Page 111 References......Page 113 Offender Characteristics Questionnaire......Page 121 3.1.1 Introduction......Page 124 3.1.2 Instrumental and Expressive Crimes......Page 125 3.1.3 The Current Study......Page 127 3.1.6 Measures of Variables......Page 128 3.1.7 Analytic Procedures......Page 129 3.1.8 Results......Page 132 3.1.9 The Prevalence of Unique and Common Configurations......Page 133 3.1.10 The Specific Profiles in Instrumental and Expressive Homicides......Page 134 3.1.11 Unique and Common Configurations Underlying Subsets of Homicide Situations......Page 139 3.1.12 Conclusions and Implications......Page 141 3.1.14 Notes......Page 142 3.2.1 The Challenge of Classifying Serial Murderers......Page 144 3.2.2 The Role of the Victim in Serial Murder......Page 147 3.2.3 Research Objectives......Page 149 3.2.4 General Hypotheses......Page 150 3.2.5 Data Acquisition and Content Analysis......Page 151 3.2.6.1 Preparing the Data for Analysis......Page 152 3.2.7 Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-I)......Page 153 3.2.9 SSA Results for the First Offense Series......Page 154 3.2.10 Focal Aspects of Serial Murder......Page 155 3.2.11 Regional Themes in Serial Murder......Page 157 3.2.13.1 Affective-Vehicle Theme (~ .635)......Page 158 3.2.13.2 Affective-Object Theme (~ .638)......Page 160 3.2.13.3 Cognitive-Vehicle Theme (~ .684)......Page 161 3.2.13.4 Cognitive-Object Theme (~ .902)......Page 163 3.2.14 Analysis II - Confirmatory SSA Results......Page 165 3.2.15 Assigning Serial Murderers to Themes......Page 167 3.2.16 Summary......Page 168 3.2.17 Conclusions and Implications......Page 169 3.3 Cluster Analysis of Burglars’ Modus Operandi (M/O)......Page 171 3.3.2 Description of Innovation......Page 172 3.3.3 General Applications......Page 178 References......Page 179 Crime Scene Variables Correspond to SSA Plot......Page 185 4.1 One Offender - Five Victims: Linking the Offenses of the Serial Killer John Williams, Jr.......Page 195 4.1.2 The Use of Modus Operandi to Link Offenses......Page 196 4.1.3 Signature Behaviors......Page 197 4.1.4.1 Information Management......Page 198 4.1.5 The Representation of Crime Information......Page 199 4.1.6 Defining ANACAPA......Page 200 4.1.7 A Case Study of Serial Murder: Linking Crimes......Page 202 4.1.8.2 Victim Two......Page 203 4.1.9 Co-occurrence of Behaviors Across a Series of Murders......Page 204 4.1.10 Preparing the Data for Analysis......Page 205 4.1.11 SSA Results of the Raleigh Murders......Page 206 4.1.12 Summary......Page 209 4.2 Nurses Who Kill: Serial Murder in Health Care Institutions......Page 211 4.3 Weaknesses in Computerized Linking Data Bases......Page 216 4.3.1 Reliability of Linking Data Base Questions......Page 217 4.3.2 Validity of VICAP Questions......Page 218 4.3.3 Utility of the VICAP System......Page 219 4.3.4 Conclusions......Page 220 References......Page 221 5.1 Hackers, Phreakers, and Pirates: The Semantics of the Computer Underground......Page 224 5.2 A Sociology of Hackers......Page 230 5.2.1 Computer Underground: Demographics......Page 232 5.2.2 Internal Factors: Technology, Secrecy, Anonymity, Membership Fluidity, Male Dominance, and Motivations......Page 234 5.2.4 Secrecy......Page 235 5.2.5 Anonymity......Page 236 5.2.6 Membership Fluidity......Page 237 5.2.7 Male Dominance......Page 238 5.2.8 Motivations......Page 239 5.2.10 External Factors: The Boundary Between Computer Underground and the Computer Security Industry......Page 240 5.2.11 Conclusion......Page 245 References......Page 246 6.1 The Serial Rapist’s Spatial Pattern of Victim Selection......Page 248 6.1.1 Perspectives on Rape and Serial Rape......Page 249 6.1.2 Journey to Crime Research......Page 252 6.1.5 Serial Rapist......Page 253 6.1.8 Initial Contact Scene......Page 254 6.1.10 Nearest Node or Routine Pathway......Page 255 6.1.10.1 Research Design......Page 256 6.1.12 Results of Research......Page 258 6.1.13 Discussion......Page 260 6.1.14 Other Important Results......Page 263 6.1.15 Conclusion......Page 264 6.1.16 Notes......Page 265 6.2 Victim Target Networks as Solvability Factors in Serial Murder......Page 267 6.2.2 Decision-making Process in Target Network Areas......Page 270 6.2.3 Victim Social Networks......Page 272 6.2.4 Summary and Conclusions......Page 273 6.3 Encounter and Death: The Spatial Behavior of U.S. Serial Killers......Page 274 6.3.1 Data sample......Page 278 6.3.2 Mapping the Crimes......Page 279 6.3.4 Smallest Space Analysis......Page 280 6.3.5 The Home As Focus......Page 281 6.3.8 Distances to PFE and BD Sites over the Ten Offenses......Page 283 6.3.10 Changes in Distance to PFE......Page 284 6.3.11 Changes in Distance to the Body Dump Locations......Page 285 6.3.12.2 Psycho-Geographical Profiling in Relation to Ongoing Police Investigations......Page 287 6.4 Geographical Profiling......Page 289 6.4.2 Environmental Criminology......Page 290 6.4.3 Computerized Geographical Profiling......Page 293 6.4.4 Environmental Psychology......Page 295 6.4.5 Home Range and Directional Travel of Criminals......Page 297 6.4.6 Geographical Profiling the Angles Between Crimes Using Predator©......Page 298 6.4.7 Conclusions......Page 300 6.5 A Psycho-Geographical Profile of a Series of Unsolved Murders in Raleigh, North Carolina......Page 302 6.5.1 Predator Geographical Profiling System......Page 303 6.5.2 Geographical Analysis of the Crime Locations Using Predator......Page 304 References......Page 308 7.1 The Role of Ethics in Criminal Profiling......Page 315 7.1.1 The Chapter in Context......Page 316 7.1.2.1 Integrity......Page 317 7.1.3 Preventing the Misuse of Profiling......Page 318 7.1.4 Professionalism......Page 319 7.1.8 Preventing and Responding to Misconduct......Page 320 7.1.9 Conclusion......Page 321 7.2 Ethics and Forensic Psychology......Page 322 7.2.1 Common Areas of Concern......Page 326 7.2.2 Confidentiality......Page 327 7.2.5 Consent......Page 328 7.2.7 Ethical Decision Making......Page 329 7.2.8.3 Review the Relevant Ethics Codes......Page 330 7.2.9 Malpractice Lawsuits......Page 331 7.2.10 Summary......Page 332 7.3.1 What is Criminal Psychological Profiling?......Page 334 7.3.2 Misuses of the Criminal Psychological Profile......Page 335 7.3.3 Scientific Basis for Profiling......Page 338 7.3.4 What sort of scientific basis is there?......Page 339 7.3.5 Ethical uses of Criminal Psychological Profiles......Page 344 References......Page 346 The Cyber Crime Investigator's Field Guide Provides The Details Of Investigating Computer Crime From Soup To Nuts. It Covers Everything From What To Do Upon Arrival At The Scene Until The Investigation Is Complete, Including Preserving The Chain Of Evidence. The Cyber Crime Investigator's Field Guide Provides The Investigative Framework, A Knowledge Of How Cyberspace Really Works, And The Tools To Investigate Cyber Crime ... Tools That Identify The Who, Where, What, When, Why, And How.--jacket. The Initial Contact -- Client Site Arrival -- Evidence Collection Procedures -- Detailed Procedures For Obtaining A Bitstream Backup Of A Hard Drive -- Evidence Collection And Analysis Tools -- Safeback -- Gettime -- Filelist, Filecnvt, And Excel -- Getfree -- Swap Files And Getswap -- Getslack -- Temporary Files -- Filter_i -- Key Word Generation -- Textsearch Plus -- Crcmd5 -- Disksig -- Doc -- Mcrypt -- Micro-zap -- M-sweep -- Net Threat Analyzer -- Anadisk -- Seized -- Scrub -- Spaces -- Ntfs Filelist -- Ntfs Getfree -- Ntfs Getslack -- Ntfs View -- Ntfs Check -- Nticopy -- Disk Search 32 -- Encase -- Analyst's Notebook, Ibase, And Iglass -- Backtracing -- Password Recovery -- Questions And Answers By Subject Area -- Evidence Collection -- Legal -- Evidence Analysis -- Unix -- Military -- Hackers -- Backtracing -- Logs -- Encryption -- Government -- Networking -- E-mail -- Usenet And Irc (chat) -- Recommended Reference Materials -- Perl And C Scripts -- Unix, Windows, Netware, And Macintosh -- Computer Internals -- Computer Networking -- Web Sites Of Interest -- Recommendations -- Port Numbers Used By Malicious Trojan Horse Programs -- Attack Signatures -- Unix/linux Commands -- Cisco Pix Firewall Commands -- Discovering Unauthorized Access To Your Computer -- U.s. Department Of Justice Search And Seizure Guidelines -- Searching And Seizing Computers Without A Warrant -- Searching And Seizing Computers With A Warrant -- The Electronic Communications Privacy Act. Bruce Middleton. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Many excellent hardware and software products exist to protect our data communications sytems, but security threats dictate that they must be further enhanced. Many laws implemented during the past 15 years have provided law enforcement with more teeth to take a bite out of cyber crime, but there is still a need for individuals who know how to investigate computer network security incidents. Organizations demand experts with both investigative talents and a technical knowledge of how cyberspace really works. Cyber Crime Investigator's Field Guide, Second Edition provides the investigative framework that needs to be followed, along with information about how cyberspace works and the tools that reveal the who, what, when, where, why, and how in the investigation of cyber crime. This volume offers a valuable Q&A by subject area, an extensive overview of recommended reference materials, and a detailed case study. Appendices highlight attack signatures, UNIX/Linux commands, Cisco PIX commands, port numbers targeted by trojan horses, and more. Long gone are the days when a computer took up an entire room. Now we have computers at home, laptops that travel just about anywhere, and data networks that allow us to transmit information from virtually any location in a timely and efficient manner. What have these advancements brought us? Another arena for criminal activity. If someone wants to focus and target something, more than likely they will obtain what they want. We shouldn't expect it to be any different in cyberspace. Cyber Crime Field Handbook provides the details of investigating computer crime from soup to nuts. It covers everything from what to do upon arrival at the scene until the investigation is complete, including chain of evidence. You get easy access to information such Zbrani prispevki osvetljujejo različne vidike kriminalistične psihologije in forenzičnih znanstvenih metod, katerih skupni cilj je na podlagi tesnejšega povezovanja oziroma sodelovanja izboljšati metode in tehnike profiliranja storilcev kaznivih dejanj. Področje kriminalistične preiskovalne psihologije obsega številne enakovredne sorodne discpline, ki med drugim omogočajo alternativne metode in sredstva za raziskovanje kaznivih dejanj. Ob uporabi slednjih pa neizogibno prihaja tudi do novih etičnih problemov in vprašanj, med drugim tudi o pomenu in vlogi etike v forenzični psihologiji Many new scientific approaches have emerged in forensic science over recent years. This unique book shows the hard evidence experts how to work with the profilers, to combine their discrete data into a more meaningful picture. The contributors address both their own specialty, such as anthropology, and then show how working in conjunction with a criminal psychologist provides a more effective offender profile. When you are first contacted by a client, whether it be in person, over the telephone, or via e-mail, before you plunge headlong into the new case, there are some specific questions requiring answers up front.