Crime and Criminology (Aspen Criminal Justice)

Known for its unique blend of social science and legal research, Crime and Criminology, Fifteenth Edition uses an interdisciplinary approach to bring a sprawling subject into sharp relief. From the history and theory of criminal law to today's hot-button topics, leading scholar Reid clearly explains to students how criminology affects and relates to criminal justice policies. Key Features: An effective and unique balance of social science and legal research. Media Focus and Global Focus boxes that give context to theories with discussions of current, real-life events. Student-friendly chapter outlines, chapter summaries, key terms, exhibits, study questions, and Internet assignments. Case excerpts and related material organized in a supplement to make the book more flexible for a variety of class structures. New material on: medical marijuana, mental illness, cybercrime, crimes by and against the police, and the impact of gender and race in sentencing decisions. Front Matter Editorial Advisors Title Page Copyright About Wolters Kluwer Legal & Regulatory U.S. Dedication About the Author Brief Contents Contents Preface Acknowledgments Part I Introduction to the Study of Crime and Criminology Chapter 1: Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminology Chapter Outline Introduction The Concept of Crime An Act or Omission The Intent Requirement and Its Exceptions Violation of the Elements of Criminal Law Without Justification or Defense Felony or Misdemeanor The Judge or Jury as Final Decision Maker The Concept of Law Law as Social Control The Extent of Criminal Law Criminology and the Study of Crime Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Chapter 2: The Measurement of Crime and Its Impact Chapter Outline Introduction Sources of Crime Data The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Self-Report Data (SRD) The National Criminal History Improvement Program (NCHIP) Crime in the United States: An Overview National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Data Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Data Characteristics of Offenders Characteristics of Crime Victims Criminal Justice Systems and Crime Victims Analysis of Crime Data Collection Research in Criminology Basing Policy Decisions on Research The Search for Explanations Selection of a Research Method Errors in Interpreting Data The Importance of Research Methods Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Part II Explanations of Criminal Behavior Chapter 3: Early Explanations of Criminal Behavior and Their Modern Counterparts Chapter Outline Introduction The Historical Background of Punishment and Criminal Law The Classical Beginnings The Neoclassical School The Positivist School The Classical and Positivist Schools Compared Punishment Philosophies Incapacitation Retribution Just Deserts Rehabilitation Deterrence Research on Deterrence Policy Implications of Deterrence Theory Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories Moral Filtering and Deterrence Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Chapter 4: Biological and Psychological Theories of Criminal Behavior Chapter Outline Introduction Biological Factors and Criminal Behavior Lombroso and the Positivists Physique and Crime Genetic Factors Studies of Families Studies of Twins Studies of Adoptees Genetics and Behavior: A Modern View Biosocial Factors Obstetric Factors Neurological Factors Psychological Factors and Criminal Behavior Mental Illness: A Brief Look Personality Theory Intelligence and Crime Cognitive Development Theory Behavior Theory Learning Theory Implications of Biological and Psychological Theories Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Chapter 5: Sociological Theories of Criminal Behavior I: The Social-Structural Approach Chapter Outline Introduction Statistical Background of Studies of Crime Ecological Theories The Chicago School and Its Impact Contemporary Research on Urban Crime and Delinquency Anomie/Strain Theories The Study of Gangs Cultural Transmission Theories Crime and the Family The Routine Activity Approach The Conflict Perspective Critical Criminology Social-Structural Theories and Female Criminality Women’s Liberation Theory Strain Theory Critical Theory Feminist Theory Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Chapter 6: Sociological Theories of Criminal Behavior II: The Social-Process Approach Chapter Outline Introduction Learning Theory Social Learning Theory Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory Akers’s Social Learning Theory Control Theory Hirschi’s Bonding Theory Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Self-Control Theory Labeling Theory Emergence and Early Development Braithwaite’s Restorative Justice Sampson and Laub’s Cumulative Disadvantages Evaluation Integrated Theories Akers: Conceptual Absorption Developmental and Life-Course Theories Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory Moffitt: Developmental Theory Cullen and Colvin: Social Support or Coercion Tittle: Control Balance Elliott, Ageton, and Cantor: Integrated Strain/Control Conclusion to Integrated Theories Conclusion to Criminal Behavior Theories Policy Implications of Criminal Behavior Theories Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Part III Types of Crime Chapter 7: Violent Crimes Chapter Outline Introduction The Study of Types of Crime Serious Violent Crimes Murder and Nonnegligent Manslaughter Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault Explanations of Violent Crime Other Violent Crimes Domestic Violence Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Child Abuse Elder Abuse Violence on Campus Kidnapping Hate Crimes Stalking Terrorism The Fear of Crime Guns and Violent Crime The Media, Pornography, and Violent Crime Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Chapter 8: Property Crimes Chapter Outline Introduction Serious Property Crimes Burglary Larceny-Theft Motor Vehicle Theft Arson Lesser Property Crimes: A Sample Identity Theft Computer and Cyber Crimes Types of Crimes Controlling Computer and Cyber Crimes Professional and Career Criminals Professional Criminal Behavior: The Early Approach Contemporary Conceptualizations of Professional Thieves Career Criminals: The Modern Approach Recent Research Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Chapter 9: Business- and Government-Related Crimes Chapter Outline Introduction Business-Related Crimes: An Overview Definition and Extent A Sociological Analysis Types of Business-Related Crimes: A Selection Conspiracy Bribery and Extortion Embezzlement Securities and Investment Crimes Environmental Crime Workplace Violations Mail and Wire Fraud Fraud Against the Elderly Health Care Fraud Government-Related Crimes Obstruction of Justice Contempt of Court Treason Political Crimes and Official Misuse of Power Civil Rights Violations Controlling Business- and Government-Related Crimes Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Chapter 10: Drug Abuse, Drug Trafficking, and Organized Crime Chapter Outline Introduction Drug Abuse Data The Impact of Drug Abuse Effects on the Abuser Fetal Abuse Campus and Intimate Partner Violence Economic Cost Criminal Activity The Debate over Drug Laws The Federal Approach: The War on Drugs State Approaches: The Legalization Debate The Treatment Approach Drug Trafficking The Control of Drug Abuse and Drug Trafficking Organized Crime The Concept of Organized Crime The History and Organization of Organized Crime The Control of Organized Crime Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Part IV Criminal Justice Systems Chapter 11: U.S. Criminal Justice Systems Chapter Outline Introduction Concepts of U.S. Criminal Justice The Philosophy of the Adversary System The Reality of the Adversary System Other Special Characteristics of U.S. Criminal Justice Systems The Stages in U.S. Criminal Justice Systems Investigation Prior to Arrest Arrest Booking Initial Appearance Preliminary Hearing Information Indictment Arraignment Reduction of the Charge Trial Sentencing Appeals and Remedies Incarceration Release Selected Constitutional Rights of Defendants The Right to Be Free from Unreasonable Searches and Seizures Vehicle Searches Person Searches Home Searches Cell Phone Searches The Right Not to Testify Against Oneself The Right to Counsel The Right to Trial by Jury Victims’ Rights Defendants’ Rights Versus Victims’ Rights U.S. Criminal Justice Systems: An Assessment The U.S. Criminal Justice Systems and Terrorism Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Chapter 12: Police Chapter Outline Introduction The Emergence of Formal Policing Public Policing in the United States Rural, County, Municipal, and State Policing Policing at the Federal Level Campus Security International Policing Private Security Police Personnel Qualifications, Recruitment, and Training Female and Minority Officers The Nature of Policing Police Functions Policing Models Police Decision Making The Right to Stop and Question The Sociology of Arrest Racial Profiling The Use of Force Intervention in Intimate Partner Violence Cases Intervention in Mental Health Cases Police Misconduct The Control of Policing Police Professionalism and Departmental Control Community Control Control Through the U.S. Department of Justice Control Through the Courts Intelligence Led Policing (ILP) Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Chapter 13: Court Systems Chapter Outline Introduction Court Systems Focus on Specialized Courts Juvenile Courts Domestic Violence Courts Drug Courts Mental Health Courts Veterans’ Courts The Role of Lawyers in Criminal Court Systems Prosecution Defense Pretrial Processes Bail Plea Bargaining The Trial of a Criminal Case Sentencing The Sentencing Process Three Strikes and You’re Out Crack/Powder Cocaine Sentencing Reform Race and Ethnicity Discrimination Gender Discrimination Sentencing Guidelines Capital Punishment Deterrence and Capital Punishment The Future of Capital Punishment Appeals and Other Legal Challenges Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Part V Social Reaction to Crime: Corrections Chapter 14: The Confinement of Offenders Chapter Outline Introduction The Emergence of Prisons for Punishment U.S. Contributions to the Emergence of Prisons The Pennsylvania and Auburn Systems Prison Expansion The Reformatory Era The Modern Era of American Prisons: An Overview Institutions for the Confinement of Adult Offenders Correctional Populations Jails Prisons Private Jails and Prisons The Inmate’s World Prisonization Female Inmates Elderly and Physically and Mentally Challenged Inmates Juveniles in Corrections The World of the Inmate’s Family Prison and Jail Violence Self-Inflicted Violence Sexual Violence Riots Escape Control Within Prisons: The Role of Correctional Officers Inmates’ Legal Rights Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Chapter 15: Corrections in the Community Chapter Outline Introduction Diversion Community Corrections: An Attempt at Reintegration Community Work Service, Fines, and Restitution Halfway Houses Shock Incarceration and Boot Camps Day Reporting Centers House Arrest Electronic Monitoring and Global Positioning Systems Probation Release from Incarceration Reentry: The Challenge Parole Probation and Parole Revocation Focus on Sex Offenders Registration and Related Laws Civil Commitment of Released Sex Offenders The Future of Corrections An Evaluation of Community Corrections Focus on California Focus on South Carolina Juvenile Justice Other Issues Evidence-Based Practices Summary Key Terms Study Questions Brief Essay Assignments Internet Activities Notes Appendix A: Amendments to the U.S. Constitution Appendix B: How to Read a Court Citation Glossary Case Index Name Index General Index Photo Credits