Creative Industry Districts: An Analysis of Dynamics, Networks and Implications on Creative Clusters in Shanghai (Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research)

Since the late 1990s, there have been broad discussions concerning the rapid rise of the creative economy. Creative or cultural industry is seen as the new engine of the regional growth for both developed economies and emerging nations. At the point of transition in economy and society, China is recently striving to transform its economy from “made in China” towards “created in China”. This book provides an insight into creative industries and spaces in Shanghai, which is the fastest growing megacity in China and the center of modern economic development on a global scale. Underpinned by new approaches from economic geography and urban studies, it deals with the new relations between the creative economy and urban environment in Shanghai. Over the last decade, creative clusters have been rapidly emerging in particular locations in the central city of Shanghai. This spatial phenomenon is explained in the book through an analysis of dynamics, networks and implications. Foreword 6 Preface 8 Contents 10 Abbreviations 14 Chapter 1: Introduction 15 References 18 Chapter 2: From the New Economy to Creative City 19 2.1 Linking the New Economy and Geography Considers 19 2.1.1 Emergence and Shift of the New Economy in the Postindustrial Era 20 2.1.2 Does Geography Matter in the New Economy? 20 2.1.3 The Relationship Between Geography and the Creative Economy 21 2.2 Creative Industries 24 2.2.1 Defining Creative Industries 24 2.2.2 Attributes of Creative Industries 28 2.2.3 Overview of the World Creative Industries 31 2.3 Districts or Clusters of Creative Industries 33 2.3.1 Theories of Industrial District and Cluster 33 2.3.1.1 Conception of Industrial District and Cluster 33 2.3.1.2 Theories of Clustering Dynamics 34 2.3.1.3 Cluster Networks 38 2.3.2 Creative Clusters 40 2.3.2.1 Defining Creative Clusters 40 2.3.2.2 Characteristics of Creative Clusters 41 2.3.2.3 Overview of World Creative Clusters 44 2.4 Creative Cities 45 2.4.1 Creative Milieus in Urban Spaces 45 2.4.2 Impacts of Creative Clusters on Urban Regeneration 47 2.4.3 Imaginary of Creative Cities 48 References 50 Chapter 3: Characterizing Shanghai’s Creative Industries and Districts 57 3.1 Background and Development of Creative Industries in China 57 3.1.1 Functional Transformation of Key Cities in Coastal China 58 3.1.2 Park-Zone Economic Model in China 59 3.1.3 Overview of the Creative Industries in China 60 3.1.3.1 Policy Making for the Development of Creative Industries in China 60 3.1.3.2 Structure and Distribution of Creative Industries in China 62 3.2 Creative Industries in Shanghai 65 3.2.1 Shanghai as a Reemerging Global City: History, Culture, and Cosmopolitanism 65 3.2.2 New Engine of Shanghai’s Economy by Creative Industries 70 3.2.3 The Rapid Rise of Creative Workers and Enterprises in Shanghai 75 3.3 Districts of Creative Industries in Shanghai 78 3.3.1 Study Area 78 3.3.2 Identifying Creative Clusters in Shanghai 80 3.3.2.1 Creative Parks 80 3.3.2.2 Data Processing 81 3.3.3 Spatial Characteristics of Shanghai’s Creative Industries 82 3.3.3.1 Revised Urban Structure of Industrial Land Use 82 3.3.3.2 High Preference to Old Town, Especially to the Former Colonial Zones 82 3.3.3.3 Reuse of Old Industrial Districts 84 3.3.3.4 Co-location with CBDs, Universities, Dining Areas, and Tourist Sites 88 References 89 Chapter 4: Dynamics in Clustering of Creative Industries in Shanghai 93 4.1 Economic Agglomeration Factors 93 4.1.1 Location Decision of Creative Enterprises in Shanghai 94 4.1.2 Important Roles of Economic Agglomeration Factors 97 4.1.2.1 Market-Brand Effect by Location Renqi 98 4.1.2.2 Workshops in Old Architectures 101 4.1.2.3 Universities as Talent Pools 105 4.1.2.4 Infrastructures Make Sense 110 4.2 Social Agglomeration Factors 112 4.2.1 Sociocultural Embeddedness 112 4.2.2 Important Roles of Social Agglomeration Factors 114 4.2.2.1 Human-Scale Interactions Foster Creativity 115 4.2.2.2 Nightlife Milieus: Lifestyle, Networking, and Cultural Consumption 117 4.2.2.3 Urban Amenities Give Sense to Places: Taikang Road vs. Guokang Road 118 4.2.2.4 Cultural Diversity, Intellectual Property Protection, Education, and Tolerance 120 4.3 Comprehensive Analysis of Socioeconomic Factors 124 4.3.1 Economic Factors vs. Social Factors 124 4.3.2 Interdependence Between Socioeconomic Factors 126 References 128 Chapter 5: Network Analysis of Creative Clusters in Shanghai 130 5.1 Local-Regional-International Networks of Shanghai’s Creative Clusters 130 5.1.1 The Labor Market 131 5.1.2 External Supplies and Intermediate Inputs 133 5.1.3 Customers 134 5.1.4 Collaborators 136 5.1.5 Local-Regional-International Embeddedness in the Creative Economy of Shanghai 139 5.2 Social Networks in Tongji Design Circle 141 5.2.1 Origins and Growth of Tongji Design Circle 141 5.2.2 Cluster Depth and Collective Learning of Tongji Design Circle 144 5.2.3 Social Networks and Identity of Tongji Design Circle 148 References 157 Chapter 6: Impacts of Creative Industry Districts in Shanghai 158 6.1 Inner-City Renewal 158 6.1.1 Reconstruction of the Inner-City Landscape of Shanghai 159 6.1.2 Preservation of Industrial Heritage and Old Structures 162 6.2 Urban Function Transformation and Social-Spatial Impacts 165 6.3 Imaging as Creative Shanghai 167 6.3.1 New Urban Culture of Pluralism 168 6.3.2 Place Branding and Creative City Image 172 References 178 Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusions 180 7.1 Inspirations, Prospects, and Problems 180 7.1.1 Inspirations 180 7.1.2 Prospects 183 7.1.3 Problems 184 7.2 Conclusions 185 References 187 Appendix 188 Information of Interviewees from Shanghai 188 Questionnaire I, To Creative Workers in Shanghai 189 Section 1: Basic Data 189 Section 2: Economic Factors 190 Section 3: Social Factors 191 Questionnaire II, To Decision Makers and Entrepreneurs of Creative Firms 193 Section 1: Basic Data 193 Section 2: Economic Fac tors 194 Section 3: Social Factors 196 Questionnaire III, To Residents and Visitors Who Are Familiar with Shanghai City 198 Section 1, To Resident 198 Section 2, To Visitor 200 Questionnaire IV, Survey for Understanding Attributes of Creative Industries by Culture-Technology Dimensions 201 Questionnaire V, Survey for Tongji Design Circle 202 About the Author 205 Index 206 This book provides insight into creative industries and spaces in Shanghai, which is the fastest growing megacity in China and center of modern economic development on a global scale. Underpinned by new approaches from economic geography and urban studies, it deals with the new relations between the creative economy and urban environment in Shanghai. At the point of transition in economy and society, China is recently striving to transform its economy from “made in China” towards “created in China”. Since the late 1990s, there have been broad discussions concerning the rapid rise of the creative economy. Creative or cultural industry is seen as the new engine of the regional growth for both developed economies and emerging nations. Over the last decade, creative clusters have been rapidly emerging in particular locations in the central city of Shanghai. This spatial phenomenon is explained in the book through an analysis of dynamics, networks and implications. Front Matter....Pages i-xiii Introduction....Pages 1-4 From the New Economy to Creative City....Pages 5-42 Characterizing Shanghai’s Creative Industries and Districts....Pages 43-78 Dynamics in Clustering of Creative Industries in Shanghai....Pages 79-115 Network Analysis of Creative Clusters in Shanghai....Pages 117-144 Impacts of Creative Industry Districts in Shanghai....Pages 145-166 Discussion and Conclusions....Pages 167-174 Back Matter....Pages 175-197