Creative Complex Systems

In recent years, problems such as environmental and economic crises and pandemics caused by new viruses have been occurring on a global scale. Globalization brings about benefits, but it can increase the potential risks of “systemic problems”, leading to system-wide disruptions. The coronavirus pandemic, declared on March 11, 2020, by the World Health Organization, has revealed social disparities in the form of a higher risk of death for people of low-socioeconomic status and has caused massive destruction of the economy and of globalization itself. Extensive efforts to cope with these challenges have often led to the emergence of additional problems due to the chain of hidden causation. What can be done to protect against such emerging challenges? Despite the resulting complexity, once these individual problems are considered as different aspects of a single whole, seemingly contradictory issues can become totally understandable, as they can be integrated into a single coherent framework. This is the integrationist approach in contrast to the reductionist approach. Situations of this kind are truly relevant to understanding the question, “What are creative complex systems?” This book features contributions by members and colleagues of the Kyoto University International Research Unit of Integrated Complex System Science. It broadens our outlook from the traditional view of stability, in which global situations are eventually stabilized after the impact of destruction, to “creative” complex systems. Chapter 1 “David Pines and Me” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com. Preface Contents Part I Toward the Study of Creative Complex Systems: From the Foundation of IRU-ICSS 1 David Pines and Me 1.1 Meeting David Pines 1.2 Complex System Research at Kyoto University 1.3 Measures to Raise the Level of Science and Mathematics Education 1.4 Education in Osaka City 1.5 Farewell to David References 2 To Err is Human: The Complex Nature of Human Reproduction and Prenatal Development 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Many Fertilized Human Ova Die in Utero 2.3 Developmental Abnormalities Occur Frequently Early in Development 2.4 Intrauterine Fate of Normal and Abnormal Human Embryos and Fetuses 2.5 Causes of Developmental Anomalies in Humans 2.6 Mutation as a Cause of Developmental Abnormalities 2.7 Spontaneous Mutation and Its Impact on Human Health and Survival 2.8 Conclusion References 3 Short Notes on Theories of Species Diversity 3.1 Fitness-Dependent Theories (with Species Interactions) 3.1.1 Random Network 3.1.2 Food Web 3.1.3 Mutualism 3.1.4 Competition 3.1.5 Multiple Types of Interactions 3.1.6 Multiplex Ecological Networks 3.2 Fitness-Independent Theories (Without Species Interactions) 3.2.1 Niche Apportionment Models 3.2.2 Neutral Theory 3.3 Tests of Theories 3.3.1 Evaluation of Metrics of Community Structure 3.3.2 Goodness-of-Fit Test of SADs 3.3.3 Labeled SADs 3.4 Conclusions References 4 Museum Workshop: Evolution of Human Intelligence and Education 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Children Are Getting Hooked in Science Workshops 4.1.2 Why Do Science Workshops Stimulate Participants Emotions? 4.1.3 Environmental Conditions for Our Ancestors 4.1.4 Biga (Two-Horse Chariot) Mode of Science Activity 4.1.5 Dispassionate Cycle 4.1.6 Emotional Cycle 4.1.7 Seeing is Not Always Believing and Three Men Do Not Make a Wise Man 4.1.8 Common Mistakes in the Observation Stage 4.1.9 Oversight 4.1.10 False-Belief 4.1.11 Poor Discussion Ability: Three Men Do Not Make a Wise Man 4.1.12 Self-reflection 4.1.13 Depth of Participant Reflection 4.2 Discussion and Conclusion References Part II Creative Complexity in Mathematical Sciences: The Power of Analogy in Multidisciplinary Studies 5 Anomalous Behavior of Random Walks on Disordered Media 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Bond Percolation on the Lattice 5.1.2 The Erdős-Rényi Random Graph 5.1.3 Two-Dimensional Uniform Spanning Tree 5.2 RW on the Lattice and Brownian Motion on mathbbRd 5.3 RW on Fractal Graphs and Brownian Motion on Fractals 5.4 SRW on the Percolation Cluster 5.4.1 Supercritical Case 5.4.2 Critical Case 5.5 SRW on the Erdős-Rényi Random Graph 5.6 SRW on the 2-Dim UST 5.7 Conclusions References 6 Pollution, Human Capital, and Growth Cycles 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Model 6.2.1 Utility Maximization 6.3 Equilibrium 6.3.1 Dynamical System 6.3.2 Steady State 6.3.3 Dynamics of h and k 6.4 Numerical Analysis 6.5 Conclusion Appendix References 7 Productive Consumption in a Two-Sector Model of Economic Development 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Model 7.3 Local Dynamics 7.4 Concluding Remarks Appendix: Existence and Uniqueness of a Steady State References 8 Time and Mnemonic Morphism 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Functor and Sheaf 8.3 Past-Present-Future as Objects of a Temporal Site 8.4 Conclusion References 9 Universality and the Role of Limitations Influencing Interdisciplinary Scientific and Cultural Advances 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Universality and Limitations of a Selected Property Assumed to be Present for a Family of Entities 9.3 An Abstract Nonexistent Entity as the Universal Reference 9.4 Mathematics Taken as the Universal Language of Science 9.5 Some Universality of Inertia of Organizational Traditions 9.5.1 Slow Adoption of the Steam Engine by the Royal Navy 9.5.2 Resistance to Change at Traditional Universities 9.6 Summary Appendix References 10 Some Conceptual Principles with Mathematical Background for Interdisciplinary Developments in the Sciences and Beyond 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Recognition of Inherent Fuzziness and a Fuzzy Set and Fuzzy Logic Approach to Interdisciplinarity 10.3 Recognizing Analogy as a System of Similarities, and Approaches for Analyzing Analogies as Motivated by the Functor Model of Category Theory 10.4 Some General Conclusions Appendix 1 Main Concepts and Definitions of Fuzzy Set Theory Appendix 2 A Functorial Approach to Analogies References 11 The Role of Paradox in the Development of Interdisciplinary Scientific and Cultural Advances 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Continuity–Discontinuity Paradox 11.2.1 Some of the Paradoxes in the History of the Development of Life on Earth 11.3 The De-quantization–Re-quantization Paradox 11.3.1 The Chemical Space, the Z Space (Nuclear Charge Space), and the Universal Molecule 11.4 Localization–Delocalization Paradox 11.4.1 Localized–Delocalized Areas of Science: Specific Disciplines and Interdisciplinarity 11.4.2 The Localization–Delocalization Paradox of the Location of Discovery and Utilization 11.4.3 Three Examples of the Localization–Delocalization Paradox in Chemistry 11.4.4 A Holographic Principle and the Localization–Delocalization Paradox 11.4.5 Individual Cultures–Multiculturalism 11.5 Sharp–Fuzzy Paradox 11.6 Summary Appendix 1 Benefits of Clearly Defined but Not Well-Known Components as Temporary Tools for Advancement: A Witty Proof of the Theorem of Pythagoras Appendix 2 Useful Complications Leading to Simplifications References Part III Emergent Dynamics in Complex Social and Physical Sciences: Exploring the Underlying Fluctuations in Collective Modes 12 Elucidation of Chaotic Market Hypothesis Based on Ergodic Theory 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Super Generalized Central Limit Theorem and its Generalization 12.3 Exactly Solvable Chaos and Stable Law to Test Universal Super Generalized Central Limit Theorem 12.4 Testing Efficient Market Hypothesis and Discovery of Novel Periodic Structure 12.5 Elucidation of Chaotic Market Hypothesis 12.6 Discussions 12.7 Conclusions References 13 Itinerant-Electron Magnetism and Spin Fluctuations—Aspects of Theories and Experiments 13.1 Brief History of Magnetism 13.2 Itinerant-Electron Magnetism 13.3 Quantitative Aspects of SCR Theory of Spin Fluctuations 13.4 Takahashi’s Spin-Fluctuation Theory 13.5 Exotic Superconductivity and Spin Fluctuations References 14 Quantum Size Effect Probed by NMR Measurements 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Nanoparticles 14.1.2 Quantum Size Effect 14.1.3 Previous Pt-NMR Studies 14.2 Experimental Results and Discussion 14.2.1 Pt-Nanoparticle Sample 14.2.2 Pt-NMR Measurements 14.3 Summary References 15 Recent Topics on Organic Spin Liquid Candidates 15.1 Brief History of Organic Conductors 15.2 Introduction of κ-Type ET Salts 15.3 Spin-Liquid Behavior and Superconductivity in κ-Type ET Salts 15.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Aspects References Part IV Creative Dynamics of Complex “Living” Systems: From Molecules to Health and Disease in Life and Its Evolution 16 Impact of Reactive Oxygen Species and G-Quadruplexes in Telomeres and Mitochondria 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Telomere 16.1.2 Mitochondria 16.1.3 G-Quadruplex 16.2 Noncanonical Roles of Telomerase 16.2.1 Role of Telomerase in Regulating Mitochondrial Function 16.2.2 Telomere–Mitochondrial Aging Axis 16.2.3 TERT and TERC Shuttling 16.2.4 Telomerase Involvement in Oxidative Stress in Mitochondria 16.3 Implications of G-Quadruplex in Mitochondrial Genome and Gene Regulation 16.3.1 Role of Mitochondrial G4 in Transcription/Replication Switching 16.3.2 G-Quadruplex and Mitochondrial Gene Expression 16.3.3 G-Quadruplex and Mitochondrial/Cell Fate 16.3.4 Hypothetical Role of G4 DNA as Oxidative Stress Sensor in Determining Cell Fate 16.4 Therapeutic Approaches to Improve Mitochondrial Function 16.4.1 Gene Editing Tools for Targeting mtDNA Mutations 16.4.2 Small Molecule-Based Therapeutic Approaches for Treating Mitochondrial Disorders 16.4.3 Pyrrole–Imidazole Polyamide (PIP)-Based Therapeutic Approaches to Improve Mitochondrial Function 16.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 17 Evolution, Motor of the Changing Biosphere 17.1 The Changing Biosphere 17.2 Organisms, Populations, and Species 17.3 Microevolution 17.4 Macroevolution 17.5 Conclusion References 18 New Horizons in Brain Science 18.1 Rise of Functional Neuroimaging 18.2 Neurovascular Coupling: An Unexpected Convenience 18.3 Rise of the Global Signal Problem 18.4 Default Mode and Network Problems 18.5 Gray Matter in rs-fMRI 18.6 Current Status of Neurovascular and Neuro-BOLD Coupling 18.7 Perfusion-Related Structure in fMRI Data 18.8 Dissociation of Neurovascular Coupling from Neuro-BOLD Coupling 18.9 Complex System Within a Complex System 18.10 Future Directions References 19 Evolutionary Perspective on Suffering: Murase’s Self–nonself Circulation Theory of Life Applied to PRISM (Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure) 19.1 Murase’s Self–nonself Circulation Theory of Life 19.2 PRISM (Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure) 19.3 Understanding Suffering in Medicine 19.4 Discussions: Application of the Self–nonself-Circulation-Theory on PRISM References Part V Integrated Complex Science: Theory and Its Application in Transdisciplinary Studies 20 Machine Learning for Metabolic Identification 20.1 Introduction 20.2 In Silico Fragmentation Tools to Aid Metabolic Identification 20.2.1 Rule-Based Methods 20.2.2 Combinatorial-Based Methods 20.2.3 Machine Learning-Based Methods 20.3 Machine Learning for Metabolic Identification 20.3.1 Supervised Learning for Predicting Substructures 20.3.2 Unsupervised Learning for Substructure Annotation 20.4 Conclusion References 21 Ignorance, Creation, Destruction 21.1 Introduction 21.2 A Model of Knowledge Acquisition 21.2.1 Information Processing as Niche Construction 21.2.2 Categorization 21.2.3 The Evolution of Information Processing 21.2.4 The Present is Constructed by Interaction Between Past and Future 21.2.5 Knowledge Destruction and Replacement 21.2.6 Path Dependency 21.3 Some Characteristics of Western Scientific Information Processing 21.4 Troublesome Dichotomies Never Worry Eastern Philosophers 21.5 The Self–Nonself (or Endo–Exo) Circulation Theory 21.6 Discovery of Nothingness Leading to Infinity 21.7 How Can We Imagine Something that Thought Cannot Think? 21.8 Towards a New Synthesis 21.9 Ignorance is Necessary for Acquiring Knowledge References 22 A Unified Theory and Practice of Creative Complex Systems: Challenging to the Systemic Problems Spanning the Inside and Outside World 22.1 Introduction to the Self–Nonself Circulation Theory of Life 22.1.1 Overview 22.1.2 The Self–Nonself Circulation Paradigm 22.1.3 Challenging Problem: What is Creativity? 22.1.4 Nothingness or Emptiness as the Mother of Infinity 22.1.5 Unintended Scenario of the World: Constructive Destruction 22.1.6 Limit of the Traditional Way of Thinking: Ever-Unsolved Problems of What is Life and What is Death? 22.1.7 Self-Consistency Principle: How to Challenge the Long-Standing Problems 22.2 What is a Creative Complex World? 22.2.1 The World is Full of Dichotomies: Too Many Oppositions and Too Few Synergies 22.2.2 Systemic Problems Inherent in Creative Complex World Require Systemic Thinking 22.3 Toward a Grand Unified Theory of Life: What is Creativity? 22.3.1 Reconciling Unidirectional Cause-And-Effect Physiology Typical of Western Science with Circular Hermeneutic Morphology Typical of Eastern Philosophy 22.3.2 Grammar, Emergent Wholeness, and Passion—Requirements for Creativity 22.3.3 A Grand Unified Theory 22.4 Introduction 22.5 Mandala as a Symbol of Life and Universe 22.6 The Mandala Nursing Theory 22.6.1 Overview of Dynamic Communication Between a Patient and a Nurse 22.6.2 A Mandala Nursing Theory 22.7 The Spirit of Hospital Art 22.8 Reasons for the Introduction of Hospital Art 22.9 Hospital Art is Not an Art Object, It is Hospital-Building that Involves the Artistic Process 22.10 Designing a System for the Circulation of Feelings and Thoughts 22.11 The Role of the Hospital Art Director 22.12 The Energy Cycle of the Camphor Tree and the Energy Cycle of the Hospital 22.13 Complementing the Paternalism of the Medical with the Maternalism of Art 22.14 Concluding Remarks: Let Us Invent Our Futures References Index