COVID-19’s Consequences on the Cardiovascular System : Immediate, Intermediate, and Long-Term Complications

Scientific evidence demonstrates that while COVID-19 primarily affects the lungs, it also affects multiple organs, particularly the cardiovascular system; its most common complications are arrhythmia, cardiac injury, fulminant myocarditis, heart failure, and pulmonary embolism. COVID-19’s Consequences on the Cardiovascular System: Immediate, Intermediate, and Long-Term Complications covers all aspects related to the interplay between SARS-COV-2 infection and the cardiovascular system, from bench to bedside and from acute infection to long-term complications. Written by a team of experts, this book is a one-stop-shop reference for healthcare professionals and researchers who require a comprehensive view of the deleterious effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system. It discusses the relationship of cardiovascular risk factors with COVID-19 prognosis. It offers further insights into the biomarkers that currently make it possible to predict and monitor the evolution of the disease at the cardiovascular level. Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright List of contributors Foreword Introduction Introduction Chapter 1. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system Abstract Introduction Direct myocardial and pericardial injury by SARS-CoV-2 Cardiovascular implications of SARS-CoV-2 effect on the renin-angiotensin system The inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection Cardiovascular implications of the cytokine storm Effect of cytokine storm on systemic vasculature Hypercoagulable state Disseminated intravascular coagulation The effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the pulmonary vasculature Conclusion References Chapter 2. Cardiovascular comorbidities and COVID-19 outcomes Abstract Introduction Risk of severity outcomes and mortality in COVID-19: scientific evidence Possible mechanisms involved Concluding remarks References Chapter 3. Prognostic role of troponins and other cardiac-related biomarkers in COVID-19 Abstract What are biomarkers? The importance of cardiac biomarkers Role of troponins in COVID-19 Role of CK-Mb in COVID-19 Summary References Chapter 4. Cardiovascular medications and its relations with COVID-19 survival Abstract Introduction Drug categories Beta-adrenoceptor blockers Aspirin Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers Anticoagulants Calcium channel blockers Diuretics Antiarrhythmics Statins Conclusion References Chapter 5. Imaging in Covid-19 Abstract Chest radiographs Computerized tomography of the chest Lung ultrasound Magnetic resonance imaging Imaging of cardiovascular complications of Covid-19 Conclusions References Chapter 6. Long-term impact of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system Abstract Introduction Definitions of long-COVID Epidemiology of long-COVID Prevalence and predictors of long-COVID: increased risk of cardiovascular disease after COVID-19 infection Potential long-term cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 The effect of long-COVID on the cardiovascular system Additional risk factors for developing severe and long-COVID cardiovascular disease complications Symptoms and pathophysiological mechanisms in long-COVID Diagnosis, management, and treatment of cardiovascular effects and complications The RECOVER Initiative at Stanford Medicine: an NIH-funded long-COVID study Concluding remarks and future directions Acknowledgment Funding Declaration of interest References Chapter 7. Pericardial and myocardial manifestations of COVID-19 Abstract Introduction Pathophysiology Myocarditis Pericarditis and myopericarditis COVID vaccine Conclusion References Chapter 8. The thromboembolic effect of COVID-19 Abstract Introduction Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in COVID-19 Prognosis of venous thromboembolism in COVID-19 In situ pulmonary thrombosis Conclusions References Chapter 9. COVID-19 and platelets: an enigmatic relationship Abstract Introduction Platelet count in COVID-19 Platelet volume in COVID-19 Immature platelets in COVID-19 Biological basis of platelet abnormalities in COVID-19 Antiplatelet treatment in COVID-19 Conclusions Acknowledgments Funding Declaration of interest References Chapter 10. Cardiology service and COVID-19: the international impact Abstract Introduction The impact in Africa The impact in Europe Outpatient Inpatient Conclusion COVID-19 and its impact on cardiology services in Asia COVID-19 pandemic impact on the US Cardiology Service HIPAA and temporary waiver of Medicare restrictions Inpatient cardiology services and reimbursement structure for ITH References Chapter 11. Cardiovascular surgery services during COVID-19 pandemic Abstract Introduction Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular surgery services Responses and adaptations of cardiovascular surgery services to COVID-19 Innovation in cardiovascular surgery services during the pandemic Future perspectives Conclusion References Chapter 12. Cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death in relation to COVID-19 Abstract Introduction Pathophysiology of arrhythmias in previous coronavirus outbreaks Pathophysiology of arrhythmias in cases of influenza virus Pathophysiology of arrhythmias in SARS-CoV-2 Electrolyte abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias Inflammatory markers and their mediation of cardiac arrhythmias Hypoxia-induced cardiac arrhythmias Drug effect for COVID-19 management and interactions with other medications Structural heart disease Pulmonary embolism and its associated arrhythmias Adrenergic stress leading to arrhythmias Sudden death in COVID-19 Mechanism of sudden cardiac death in COVID-19 Management References Chapter 13. Heart failure and acute coronary syndrome with COVID-19 Abstract Heart failure and COVID-19 Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and COVID-19 References Chapter 14. Vascular and autoimmune diseases interaction with COVID-19 Abstract Introduction An overview of COVID-19 infection on autoimmune conditions, proposed mechanisms, and implications in clinical practice COVID-19 vaccination and its possible implications on the development of autoimmune conditions Conclusion and reflections References Chapter 15. Safety of anti-COVID treatments on the cardiovascular system Abstract Introduction Antivirals Monoclonal antibodies Corticosteroids Immunomodulators References Chapter 16. Return to the competition for athletes after SARS-CoV-2 infection resolution from a cardiac perspective Abstract Return to play protocol ECG, exercise test, 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing Echocardiogram Cardiac MRI Blood tests Respiratory assessment Post-COVID-19 training Long COVID References Chapter 17. Multifactorial prevention and preparation for the next pandemic Abstract Strengthening early detection and response to pandemics: strategies for global preparedness Promoting effective sanitation and hygiene for disease prevention and control Vaccination Antimicrobial stewardship Environment conservation Research and development: advancing pandemic preparedness References Chapter 18. Conclusions and future perspectives Abstract Index COVID-19 Consequences on Cardiovascular System: Immediate, Intermediate, and Long-Term Complications covers all the aspects related with the interplay between SARS-COV-2 infection and the cardiovascular system, from bench to bedside and from acute infection to long-term complications. Written by a team of experts, this book is a one-stop-shop reference for both healthcare professionals and researchers who require a comprehensive view into the deleterious effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system, the relationship of cardiovascular risk factors with COVID-19 prognosis, and further insights on the biomarkers that currently make it possible to predict and monitor the evolution of the disease at the cardiovascular level. Scientific evidence demonstrates that while COVID-19 primarily affects the lungs, it also affects multiple organs, particularly the cardiovascular system, with its most common complications being arrhythmia, cardiac injury, fulminant myocarditis, heart failure and pulmonary embolism.Covers all the current scientific pieces of evidence about the effects of COVID-19 on the heart and cardiovascular system from both a basic and a clinical point of view.Discusses immediate, intermediate, and long-term complications of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system.Includes studies conducted worldwide by well-known experts in related fields.