COVID 19, Containment, Life, Work and Restart: Urban Studies (Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements)

This book is about containment, life, work, and restart cities affected by COVID 19, using selected empirical case studies. This book presents the spread of coronavirus spatially and temporally, analyses containment strategies and includes recommended strategies. Further, it analyses how life and work get transformed during the lockdown, and gradual opening up, and presents the future of work and life in cities impacted by COVID-19. This book discusses the concept of smart life and works in cities post-COVID-19 such that they do not reduce the quality of work and life and cannot create adverse economic and living consequences called the restart of a city after COVID-19. Selected Cities of special interest are studied. Special interest is because Kerala and Maharashtra got the worst affected in India by COVID 19 pandemic and the book focus on that. Contents About the Editor Introduction COVID-19: Containment, Life, Work and Restart: Urban and Regional Studies 1 The Virus Spread COVID-19 in Brief 2 The Serosurveys of India and Kerala 3 The Full Vaccination or Full Natural Immunity or Hybrid Immunity Is not the Foolproof Remedy for COVID-19 Pandemic 4 Then What Is the Solution? 5 Governance Responses of COVID-19 5.1 COVID-19-Related Urban Research and Design Issues, Requiring Answers 5.2 WHO Considers COVID-19 Will Be a Long Haul with the Ability to Spread Very Quickly and Social Distancing, Contact Tracing, Use of Hand Sanitiser and Face Mask as the Only Effective Means to Curb the Spread 5.3 Bill Gates Predicts for Rich Countries COVID-19 Will not Be an Issue in 2021 and for Less Rich It Will Be 5.4 Can COVID-19 Be Eliminated in Future? (With Accessible Medical Infrastructure and Vaccines Under Development) So that No Need for Any Change in City We Live and Work in Today, or Will It Recur Periodically as a Fatal Infectious Disease (Like for Example TB and Even Though There Is a BCG Vaccine) or The City Needs to Adapt and Change? 5.5 Is the Existing Practice of Top-Down Governance for COVID-19 (Practised with Far Incomplete Knowledgebase) Within the Structure of Multi-level Government Successful, or There Is an Alternative Governance Approach Such as “A Bottoms-up or E-Governance for COVID-19” Possible? 5.6 The Status of Public Health Infrastructure and Its Resilience Is Critical for COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Transformation to Be Smart 5.7 Is There a Post-COVID-19 City Distinctly Different from Pre-COVID City? 5.8 If Different, What Way City Differ and What How-to Site Plan and Urban Design and Urban Management? 5.9 Then How Should Be Site Planned, Urban Designed and Urban Managed? 5.10 Can This Be Done Better with the Existing Dictated Centralised Democratic Leadership of the Central Government Such as GOI, Federal State Government or Grassroot-Level Decentralised City Governance and Community-Based Execution as Part of the 12th Schedule of Constitution to Governance in India Supported Financially and Technically by All Higher and Multi-level Governance System? 6 The Urban Restart What and When 7 The Urban Restart: Outsmarting the Coronavirus 8 Two Concepts for the Public Realm for Work and Living: Carrying Capacity of Smart Public Realm [30–32] and New Urbanism for Smart Communities [33] for Post-COVID-19 Urban Restarts 9 Carrying Capacity of Public Realm 9.1 The Smart Asparsa New Urbanism Principles for Smart Community 9.2 Tools for Planning Asparsa New Urbanism in Smart Communities 9.3 Outline Approach and Methodology to Prevent Coronavirus Spread Within the Public Realm 9.4 Outcome of COVID-19 Smart Digital Planning of the Public Realm 9.5 Intelligent GIS Modelling for COVID-19 10 Issue and Recommended Approach 10.1 Post-COVID-19 Urban Economic Restart—Many Options: Capitalist, Socialist or Sharing Economy, Mixed or 5G Enabled Local or Global Economy 10.2 Tools for COVID-19 Promoting Urban Restart Project 11 Research Objectives of the COVID-19 Project 11.1 Approach Basics: COVID-19 Project 11.2 Outcome of Study 1: Improved Just in Time Information Based Regulations at Site Level for COVID-19 11.3 The Outcome of Studies 2 and 3 11.4 Living with COVID-19 11.5 Considerations in the Urban Restart for Living and Working 12 Outcome of Study 4: Design of Future of Living Post-COVID-19 12.1 What Is Life and Living and What Is Smart Living on an Individual Level 12.2 Smart Living 12.3 Some Smart Living Initiatives and Thank GOD, We Have It Now! 12.4 Physical Well-Being 12.5 Mental Well-Being and COVID-19 12.6 The Social Health and Community Role in COVID-19 Pandemic 12.7 Ecological Health 13 Spatial Smart Living Strategies 14 Design for the Public Realm as Smart Living and Workspaces for Urban Regeneration 14.1 Smart Healthy Living for Smart Kozhikode Metropolitan Area [12] 14.2 Urban Regeneration of Smart Spaces in Kozhikode Metropolitan Area [65] 15 Smart Metropolitan Regional Development, Smart Economy and Smart Work in Kozhikode Metropolitan Area Post-COVID-19 [66] 16 Basis for COVID-19 Contact Spread and Governance Prevention 16.1 Transmissions of COVID-19 Human to Human, Masks and Common Preventive Measures 16.2 Transmissions of COVID-19 Human to Human, Preventive Measures for Cities References Bhopal Gas Tragedy and COVID-19 Vulnerabilities: An Analysis of Health Infrastructure in Bhopal, India 1 Introduction 2 Bhopal: The Case City 3 History of Industrial Gas Leaks in the City 4 Gas Tragedy and COVID-19 Vulnerabilities 5 COVID-19 Cases and Its Spatial Distribution 6 Health Infrastructure of Bhopal 7 Smart Cities Initiatives in Bhopal to Tackle COVID-19 8 Conclusion References Kozhikode Post-covid Urban Resilience Through Entrepreneurship: Vignettes from Kozhikode 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Framework 2.1 Business Model Research 3 Methodology 4 Entrepreneurial Response to Covid-19—Case Studies 4.1 Cosmos Sports 4.2 E-Drop Delivery Hub 4.3 Xylem 4.4 Dr. Cafe 4.5 MyG 4.6 Vision School of Aviation 5 Conclusion References Mumbai Covid-19, Containment, Policy Initiatives and Urban Restart: Glimpses from Mumbai, India 1 Introduction 2 The City 2.1 Overview of Mumbai 2.2 Demographic Aspects and Economy 2.3 History or Evolution of the City 2.4 City’s Importance in State and/or Country 3 City and the COVID-19 3.1 Preliminary Analysis of COVID-19 Situation in India 3.2 Preliminary Analysis of COVID-19 Situation in Mumbai 3.3 City’s Approach Towards the Pandemic 3.4 Initiatives at City Level 3.5 Tackling Dharavi-Asia’s Biggest Slum 4 Faults Exposed Amid COVID-19 5 Innovations in the COVID-19 Era 6 Restart in Mumbai 6.1 Containing the Spread 6.2 Restart 7 Conclusion Appendix References Vijayawada Design of Adaptable Spaces with COVID-19 Risk Management—A Case of Vijayawada City 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview of COVID-19 Impact on the City and Citizens 1.2 Vijayawada City Demography and Urban Fabric 1.3 City and COVID-19 2 Approach for Mitigation 3 Methodology 3.1 Sample Size 4 Principal Component Analysis 4.1 Assessment of Resources 4.2 Assessment of Sub-elements for Resources 4.3 Social Distancing 4.4 Preparation of Questionnaire (Annexure 1) 4.5 Survey for Analytical Hierarchy Process 5 Findings and Results 5.1 The Methodology Used in the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) 6 Discussion 6.1 Modular Approach 6.2 Delineation Strategy for Zoning for PRM 6.3 Framework for Physical Planning Interventions with Social Distancing 6.4 Growth Parameters 7 Conclusion Annexure 1 Annexure 2 References Conclusion Collaborative Research: “COVID-19: Containment, Life, Work and Restart: Urban Studies” and Conclusions 1 Smart City Research and “COVID-19 Containment, Life, Work and Restart; Urban Studies” 1.1 The International Collaborative Research Projects on COVID-19 Containment, Life, Work and Urban Restart 1.2 Study City’s Locations 2 Design of the Collaborative Research Programme 3 Research Questions on Smart City Research and COVID-19 Project 4 Scope of Research 5 Study Cities 6 Project Details 7 Way of Working the Programme 7.1 Integrating Smart City Research with Academic Programmes 7.2 Role of Students 7.3 Role of Faculty 7.4 Co-design and Co-production of Knowledge 7.5 Research Output 8 The Project Milestones 9 Summary of Conclusions and City Case Studies 9.1 COVID-19: Containment, Life, Work and Urban Restart 9.2 Gas Tragedy and COVID-19 Vulnerabilities: An Analysis of Health Infrastructure in Bhopal, India 9.3 Post-COVID Urban Resilience Through Entrepreneurship: Vignettes from Kozhikode 9.4 Covid-19, Containment, Policy Initiatives and Urban Restart: Glimpses from Mumbai, India 9.5 Design of Adaptable Spaces with COVID-19 Risk Management—A Case of Vijayawada City References