COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 : The Science and Clinical Application of Conventional and Complementary Treatments

Since the end of December 2019, the world has been battling with a global health emergency called COVID-19. This ongoing pandemic has claimed millions of lives worldwide and made a serious impact on global healthcare. The information and facts about the virus and the pandemic are constantly evolving, expanding and are present in a scattered manner. Above all, various rumors and false information are also spreading through word of mouth or social media in relation to the pandemic. In situations like this, it becomes hard for a common person as well as professionals to keep track of the fundamental concepts, ongoing scientific advancements and differentiate between the facts and myths. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: The Science and Clinical Application of Conventional and Complementary Treatments covers the fundamental concepts regarding SARS-CoV-2 and COVID–19 as well as common concerns and issues ensuring optimal understanding of the latest basic science and clinical content. The comparative coverage of Conventional Medical Science with Complementary and Alternative Systems of Medicine in relation to the ongoing pandemic makes this book unique compared to other books available on COVID-19. Written in textbook format and in semi-technical style, it provides basic to advanced concepts and multidimensional clinical perspectives keeping in mind the diverse needs of academicians, researchers, students and common people. Key Features: Contains simple, lucid and concise presentation of contents Emphasizes core knowledge and concepts Presents evidence based and up to date information from a multidisciplinary perspective Includes illustrations with good quality diagrams and colored photographs for ease of understanding. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 covers concepts and protocols from holistic perspective relating to core Molecular Biology of SARS-CoV-2, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects, Multidisciplinary Treatment and Management Strategies like Conventional Pharmacological Treatments, Vaccines, Ayurveda, Homoeopathy, Holistic Nutrition Therapy, Nutraceutical Therapy, Biochemic Medicine, and Issues and Concerns relating to Public Health and Ongoing Advances in Research in relation to COVID-19. Written in semi-technical language easily understandable by readers from all domains, this book provides multidisciplinary perspective, knowledge and understanding regarding COVID-19 in one place, thus bridging the knowledge gap that exists between Conventional Sciences and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Systems. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Editors Contributors Part I The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 Chapter 1 Coronaviruses, History, Classification, and COVID–19 Introduction Coronaviruses: Definition, History, and Classification Understanding the Way a Virus Behaves Tracing the Origin of nCoV-19 Nomenclature of a Novel Coronavirus and the Disease Transmission of COVID-19 Symptoms Associated with COVID-19 Gradation of the Symptoms Associated with COVID-19 Classification Based on Disease Severity Classification Based on CO-RADS Reasons Behind the Severity of COVID-19 References Chapter 2 SARS-CoV-2 Morphology, Genomic Organisation and Lifecycle Introduction The Basic Structure of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) Protein Membrane (M) Protein Envelope (E) Protein Viral Envelope The Viral Capsid and the Nucleocapsid (N) Protein Genomic Organisation of SARS-CoV-2 The Lifecycle of SARS-CoV-2 Mechanism of Cell Entry The Replication Cycle of SARS-CoV-2 Reconversion to Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Discontinuous Transcription of Antisense RNA Assembly and Release of Viral Particles Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System and SARS-CoV-2 ACE-2 and the Renin–Angiotensin System: The Connection ACEIs, ARBs and Susceptibility to COVID-19 References Chapter 3 Molecular Pathophysiology and the Clinical Presentation of COVID-19: The Comparison between Reductionistic and Holistic Approaches Introduction Understanding the Human Body: Reductionistic and Holistic Approaches Functional Anatomy of Respiratory System: A Brief Overview Molecular Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19: The Reductionistic Perspective of Conventional Medicine Holistic Understanding of Pathophysiology: COVID-19/Influenza-like Illnesses/Severe Acute Respiratory Illnesses References Chapter 4 SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants: Definitions and Classifications Introduction Replication and Lifecycle of the Original SARS-CoV-2: A Quick Overview Definition and Classification Category 1: Variants of Interest Category 2: Variants of Concern Category 3: Variants of High Consequences The World Health Organization’s Nomenclature of SARS-CoV-2 Variants SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing for Public Health Emergency Response, Epidemiology, and Surveillance Understanding the Specific Variants B.1.1.7 B.1.351 P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccine Efficacy References Part II Conventional Treatment Strategies for COVID-19 and Associated Public Health Concerns Chapter 5 Epidemiology of COVID-19 Introduction Virology Epidemiology: Frequency of Symptoms Transmission of the Disease Prevalence of the Disease Basic Reproduction Number (R0) Mortality Rate Vulnerable Groups Pathogenesis Diagnosis Pharmacoepidemiology Aspects of Prevention Future Insights Conclusions References Chapter 6 Challenges and Innovations in Mathematical Modelling of COVID-19 Introduction Mathematical Model Single Group Multi-Compartment Model Simulation results for model (2.1) Two Group Multi-Compartment Model Simulation Results for Model (2.2) Mathematical Model for Vaccination Discussions References Chapter 7 Immuno-Pathologic Basis of COVID-19 and the Management of Mild and Moderate Cases Introduction Immuno-Pathologic Basis of COVID-19 Immunopathophysiology: The Initial Viral Response Stage Immunopathophysiology: The Inflammatory Response (Cytokine Storm) Stage Immunopathophysiology: Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism General Management of Mild and Moderate COVID-19 Cases Home Isolation of Mild and Moderate COVID-19 Patients References Chapter 8 Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Clinical Examination, Immunoassays, and Molecular Diagnostic Techniques Introduction Preliminary Physical Examination and Triage Different types of Diagnostic Tests for COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests Rapid Antigen Detection Tests Rapid Antibody Detection Tests or Serological Assays Rapid IgM/IgG Detection Non-Specific or Supportive Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures: Arterial Blood Gas and Biochemical Analysis References Chapter 9 Conventional Pharmacological Strategies, Investigational Drugs, and Immunotherapies for COVID–19 Introduction Conventional Drug Designing strategies for COVID-19 Drugs Inhibiting the Receptor Binding Process Antiviral Agent: Chloroquine and Its Analogs (Viral Entry Inhibitors) Antiviral Agent: Hydroxychloroquine (Viral Entry Inhibitor) Antiviral Agent: Umifenovir (Viral Entry Inhibitor) Drugs Inhibiting Viral Genome Replication Antiviral Agent: Remdesivir (GS-5734 – RdRp Inhibitor) Antiviral Agent: Ribavirin (Guanine Analog – RdRp Inhibitor) Antiviral Agent: Favipiravir (RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor) Drugs Inhibiting Viral Protein Synthesis Antiviral Agent: Lopinavir-Ritonavir (3CL Protease Inhibitor) Antiviral Agent: Oseltamivir (Neuraminidase Inhibitor) Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Agents Tocilizumab (Interleukin-6 Inhibitor) Interferons (Interferon-α or Interferon-β) Plasma Therapy Non-Antiviral/Adjunctive Agents Azithromycin (Antibacterial Substance) Corticosteroids (Cytokine Gene Expression Inhibitors) Oxygen Therapy Challenges in Drug Development for COVID-19 References Chapter 10 Research and Development for COVID-19 Vaccines Introduction Vaccines for COVID-19: The Phases of Development Pre-Clinical Stage Clinical Stage Approval Stage COVID-19 Vaccines: Mechanism of Action Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccines AstraZeneca-Oxford University COVID-19 Vaccine COVID-19 Vaccines: Ingredients and Components Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and AstraZeneca Vaccines COVID-19 Vaccines: Administration, Safety Concerns, and Possible Adverse Reactions Moderna Vaccines Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccines AstraZeneca-Oxford University Vaccines COVID-19 Vaccines: Emergency Use Authorization, Normal Approval, and Future Considerations References Chapter 11 Mucormycosis: Post-COVID-19 Complications in Patients with Diabetes and the State of Immunosuppression Introduction to the Present Situation COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: The Disease Presentation COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: Immunosuppression COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: Diabetes or Hyperglycemia COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: Host–Microbe Interaction COVID-Associated Oral Manifestations: Rhino-Maxillary Mucormycosis Diagnosis of COVID-Associated Mucormycosis Prevention and Clinical Management of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis References Chapter 12 Impact of COVID–19 on Reproductive, Maternal and Child Health COVID-19 and Reproductive Health: Introduction Contraception and Family Planning During the COVID-19 Pandemic Breastfeeding and COVID-19 Impact of COVID-19 on Newborn Health Impact of COVID-19 on Children and Adolescents COVID-19 Vaccination and Related Concerns for Pregnant Women and Children References Part III COVID-19 and Supportive, Complementary, and Alternative Treatment Strategies Chapter 13 Ayurveda and COVID-19 Introduction The Science of Living Imbalance to Balance Maintaining Balance Evolution Evolution According to Eastern Philosophy: A Paradigm Shift Evolution, a Mammoth Software Development Program Central Nervous System Reflex Action Conditioned Reflex The Triune Brain The Reptilian Brain The Mammalian Brain Neocortex Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System The Immune System Inherent Immune System Adaptive Immune System Sources of Immunity Recap Indian Philosophy The World through the Eyes of the East Panchamahabhuta, the Basic Building Blocks of the Universe Dosha (Desai, 2018) The Tridosha System of Classification Prakruti Ayurveda Dinacharya: Daily Routine Wake-Up Time Hygiene Exercise Six Ss of Exercise (Desai, 2020) Meal Timings Ratricharya: Night Routine Rutucharya: Seasonal Routine Sadavrutta: Good or Proper Behaviour Trayopastambha: Diet, Sleep, and Self-Restraint Diet (Ahar) Nidra: Sleep Brahmacharya: Self-Restraint Classification Habit Building Too Clean Is Not Really Good Non-Communicable Diseases Balance to Excellence The Yogasutra of Patanjali (Yardi, 1996) Ashtanga Yoga Yama: Abstinences Niyama: Observances Asana: Posture Pranayama: Control of Breath Pratyahara: Withdrawal of the Senses Dharana: Commitment Dhyan: Meditation Samadhi: Balanced Awareness Going Beyond Balance: Being Human The Finger Pointing to the Moon Maslow Maclean Genetics Eastern Philosophy Evolution Marga: The Path Choice The Journey The Secret of Happiness The Science of Living Healthcare References Chapter 14 Role of Homoeopathy in Prophylaxis and the Symptomatic Management of Influenza-Like Illnesses (COVID-19) Patients Introduction Homoeopathy: A Brief Overview of Fundamental Principles Mechanism of Action of Homoeopathic Medications Homoeopathy for COVID-19: Clinical Trials Homoeopathy for COVID-19: Indicated Medicines According to Symptom Similarity Homoeopathy for COVID-19: The Myths, Misinformation, and Concerns Challenges and Future Research Possibilities References Homoeopathic Practice in the Midst of COVID-19: A Physician’s Clinical Experience Chapter 15 Solving the Mystery of COVID-19: Holistic Medical Nutrition Therapy Introduction Unfolding the Mystery: Out of the Box Observation Unfolding the Mystery: Analyzing the Observations Prediction Number 1 Prediction Number 2 Implementing the Food as Medicine: The Three-Step Flu Diet Day 1 (Liquid) Day 2 (Fluid) Day 3 (Solid) Step Three Conclusion References Chapter 16 Immunonutrition Therapy for COVID-19: Understanding the Immunomodulatory Effect of Vitamin D Introduction Vitamin D, Basic Chemistry, and Metabolism Vitamin D and its Immunomodulatory Effects Vitamin D Deficiency Induced Immune Dysfunction Immunotherapeutic Effect of Vitamin D Immunotherapeutic Effect of Vitamin D and ACE-2–Angiotensin Cascade Serum Concentration of Vitamin D References Chapter 17 Role of Biochemic Cell Salts in Prophylaxis and Complementary Nutraceutical Therapy of Influenza-Like Illnesses or Respiratory Tract Complications (COVID-19) Introduction The Biochemic System of Medicine: A Brief Overview of Fundamental Principles The 12 Fundamental Inorganic Cell Salts Selective Biochemic Cell Salts for Influenza-Like Illnesses and Respiratory Tract Complications Challenges and Future Research Possibilities References Index Copyright Title Page Dedication Contents Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you? Chapter 2: Renegade perception Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’ Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit Chapter 7: War on your mind Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it? Chapter 10: Human 2.0 Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult? Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko Postscript Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation Bibliography Index Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Editors Contributors Part I The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 Chapter 1 Coronaviruses, History, Classification, and COVID–19 Introduction Coronaviruses: Definition, History, and Classification Understanding the Way a Virus Behaves Tracing the Origin of nCoV-19 Nomenclature of a Novel Coronavirus and the Disease Transmission of COVID-19 Symptoms Associated with COVID-19 Gradation of the Symptoms Associated with COVID-19 Classification Based on Disease Severity Classification Based on CO-RADS Reasons Behind the Severity of COVID-19 References Chapter 2 SARS-CoV-2 Morphology, Genomic Organisation and Lifecycle Introduction The Basic Structure of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) Protein Membrane (M) Protein Envelope (E) Protein Viral Envelope The Viral Capsid and the Nucleocapsid (N) Protein Genomic Organisation of SARS-CoV-2 The Lifecycle of SARS-CoV-2 Mechanism of Cell Entry The Replication Cycle of SARS-CoV-2 Reconversion to Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Discontinuous Transcription of Antisense RNA Assembly and Release of Viral Particles Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System and SARS-CoV-2 ACE-2 and the Renin–Angiotensin System: The Connection ACEIs, ARBs and Susceptibility to COVID-19 References Chapter 3 Molecular Pathophysiology and the Clinical Presentation of COVID-19: The Comparison between Reductionistic and Holistic Approaches Introduction Understanding the Human Body: Reductionistic and Holistic Approaches Functional Anatomy of Respiratory System: A Brief Overview Molecular Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19: The Reductionistic Perspective of Conventional Medicine Holistic Understanding of Pathophysiology: COVID-19/Influenza-like Illnesses/Severe Acute Respiratory Illnesses References Chapter 4 SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants: Definitions and Classifications Introduction Replication and Lifecycle of the Original SARS-CoV-2: A Quick Overview Definition and Classification Category 1: Variants of Interest Category 2: Variants of Concern Category 3: Variants of High Consequences The World Health Organization’s Nomenclature of SARS-CoV-2 Variants SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing for Public Health Emergency Response, Epidemiology, and Surveillance Understanding the Specific Variants B.1.1.7 B.1.351 P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccine Efficacy References Part II Conventional Treatment Strategies for COVID-19 and Associated Public Health Concerns Chapter 5 Epidemiology of COVID-19 Introduction Virology Epidemiology: Frequency of Symptoms Transmission of the Disease Prevalence of the Disease Basic Reproduction Number (R0) Mortality Rate Vulnerable Groups Pathogenesis Diagnosis Pharmacoepidemiology Aspects of Prevention Future Insights Conclusions References Chapter 6 Challenges and Innovations in Mathematical Modelling of COVID-19 Introduction Mathematical Model Single Group Multi-Compartment Model Simulation results for model (2.1) Two Group Multi-Compartment Model Simulation Results for Model (2.2) Mathematical Model for Vaccination Discussions References Chapter 7 Immuno-Pathologic Basis of COVID-19 and the Management of Mild and Moderate Cases Introduction Immuno-Pathologic Basis of COVID-19 Immunopathophysiology: The Initial Viral Response Stage Immunopathophysiology: The Inflammatory Response (Cytokine Storm) Stage Immunopathophysiology: Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism General Management of Mild and Moderate COVID-19 Cases Home Isolation of Mild and Moderate COVID-19 Patients References Chapter 8 Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Clinical Examination, Immunoassays, and Molecular Diagnostic Techniques Introduction Preliminary Physical Examination and Triage Different types of Diagnostic Tests for COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests Rapid Antigen Detection Tests Rapid Antibody Detection Tests or Serological Assays Rapid IgM/IgG Detection Non-Specific or Supportive Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures: Arterial Blood Gas and Biochemical Analysis References Chapter 9 Conventional Pharmacological Strategies, Investigational Drugs, and Immunotherapies for COVID–19 Introduction Conventional Drug Designing strategies for COVID-19 Drugs Inhibiting the Receptor Binding Process Antiviral Agent: Chloroquine and Its Analogs (Viral Entry Inhibitors) Antiviral Agent: Hydroxychloroquine (Viral Entry Inhibitor) Antiviral Agent: Umifenovir (Viral Entry Inhibitor) Drugs Inhibiting Viral Genome Replication Antiviral Agent: Remdesivir (GS-5734 – RdRp Inhibitor) Antiviral Agent: Ribavirin (Guanine Analog – RdRp Inhibitor) Antiviral Agent: Favipiravir (RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor) Drugs Inhibiting Viral Protein Synthesis Antiviral Agent: Lopinavir-Ritonavir (3CL Protease Inhibitor) Antiviral Agent: Oseltamivir (Neuraminidase Inhibitor) Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Agents Tocilizumab (Interleukin-6 Inhibitor) Interferons (Interferon-α or Interferon-β) Plasma Therapy Non-Antiviral/Adjunctive Agents Azithromycin (Antibacterial Substance) Corticosteroids (Cytokine Gene Expression Inhibitors) Oxygen Therapy Challenges in Drug Development for COVID-19 References Chapter 10 Research and Development for COVID-19 Vaccines Introduction Vaccines for COVID-19: The Phases of Development Pre-Clinical Stage Clinical Stage Approval Stage COVID-19 Vaccines: Mechanism of Action Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccines AstraZeneca-Oxford University COVID-19 Vaccine COVID-19 Vaccines: Ingredients and Components Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and AstraZeneca Vaccines COVID-19 Vaccines: Administration, Safety Concerns, and Possible Adverse Reactions Moderna Vaccines Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccines AstraZeneca-Oxford University Vaccines COVID-19 Vaccines: Emergency Use Authorization, Normal Approval, and Future Considerations References Chapter 11 Mucormycosis: Post-COVID-19 Complications in Patients with Diabetes and the State of Immunosuppression Introduction to the Present Situation COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: The Disease Presentation COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: Immunosuppression COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: Diabetes or Hyperglycemia COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: Host–Microbe Interaction COVID-Associated Oral Manifestations: Rhino-Maxillary Mucormycosis Diagnosis of COVID-Associated Mucormycosis Prevention and Clinical Management of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis References Chapter 12 Impact of COVID–19 on Reproductive, Maternal and Child Health COVID-19 and Reproductive Health: Introduction Contraception and Family Planning During the COVID-19 Pandemic Breastfeeding and COVID-19 Impact of COVID-19 on Newborn Health Impact of COVID-19 on Children and Adolescents COVID-19 Vaccination and Related Concerns for Pregnant Women and Children References Part III COVID-19 and Supportive, Complementary, and Alternative Treatment Strategies Chapter 13 Ayurveda and COVID-19 Introduction The Science of Living Imbalance to Balance Maintaining Balance Evolution Evolution According to Eastern Philosophy: A Paradigm Shift Evolution, a Mammoth Software Development Program Central Nervous System Reflex Action Conditioned Reflex The Triune Brain The Reptilian Brain The Mammalian Brain Neocortex Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System The Immune System Inherent Immune System Adaptive Immune System Sources of Immunity Recap Indian Philosophy The World through the Eyes of the East Panchamahabhuta, the Basic Building Blocks of the Universe Dosha (Desai, 2018) The Tridosha System of Classification Prakruti Ayurveda Dinacharya: Daily Routine Wake-Up Time Hygiene Exercise Six Ss of Exercise (Desai, 2020) Meal Timings Ratricharya: Night Routine Rutucharya: Seasonal Routine Sadavrutta: Good or Proper Behaviour Trayopastambha: Diet, Sleep, and Self-Restraint Diet (Ahar) Nidra: Sleep Brahmacharya: Self-Restraint Classification Habit Building Too Clean Is Not Really Good Non-Communicable Diseases Balance to Excellence The Yogasutra of Patanjali (Yardi, 1996) Ashtanga Yoga Yama: Abstinences Niyama: Observances Asana: Posture Pranayama: Control of Breath Pratyahara: Withdrawal of the Senses Dharana: Commitment Dhyan: Meditation Samadhi: Balanced Awareness Going Beyond Balance: Being Human The Finger Pointing to the Moon Maslow Maclean Genetics Eastern Philosophy Evolution Marga: The Path Choice The Journey The Secret of Happiness The Science of Living Healthcare References Chapter 14 Role of Homoeopathy in Prophylaxis and the Symptomatic Management of Influenza-Like Illnesses (COVID-19) Patients Introduction Homoeopathy: A Brief Overview of Fundamental Principles Mechanism of Action of Homoeopathic Medications Homoeopathy for COVID-19: Clinical Trials Homoeopathy for COVID-19: Indicated Medicines According to Symptom Similarity Homoeopathy for COVID-19: The Myths, Misinformation, and Concerns Challenges and Future Research Possibilities References Homoeopathic Practice in the Midst of COVID-19: A Physician’s Clinical Experience Chapter 15 Solving the Mystery of COVID-19: Holistic Medical Nutrition Therapy Introduction Unfolding the Mystery: Out of the Box Observation Unfolding the Mystery: Analyzing the Observations Prediction Number 1 Prediction Number 2 Implementing the Food as Medicine: The Three-Step Flu Diet Day 1 (Liquid) Day 2 (Fluid) Day 3 (Solid) Step Three Conclusion References Chapter 16 Immunonutrition Therapy for COVID-19: Understanding the Immunomodulatory Effect of Vitamin D Introduction Vitamin D, Basic Chemistry, and Metabolism Vitamin D and its Immunomodulatory Effects Vitamin D Deficiency Induced Immune Dysfunction Immunotherapeutic Effect of Vitamin D Immunotherapeutic Effect of Vitamin D and ACE-2–Angiotensin Cascade Serum Concentration of Vitamin D References Chapter 17 Role of Biochemic Cell Salts in Prophylaxis and Complementary Nutraceutical Therapy of Influenza-Like Illnesses or Respiratory Tract Complications (COVID-19) Introduction The Biochemic System of Medicine: A Brief Overview of Fundamental Principles The 12 Fundamental Inorganic Cell Salts Selective Biochemic Cell Salts for Influenza-Like Illnesses and Respiratory Tract Complications Challenges and Future Research Possibilities References Index