COVID-19 and Marginalisation of People and Places : Impacts, Responses and Observed Effects of COVID-19 on Geographical Marginality

This book examines how COVID-19 has often enhanced social and economic marginalisation in different places and societies around the world. It explores the reality that selective deglobalisation is occurring and over and above the human tragedy which has been experienced, many societies and economies have had to adapt to the new reality which they find themselves in. Governments have been challenged to improve health care and provide economic relief and stimulus packages to sectors as diverse as tourism and education which have had to develop new ways of coping. Resilience theory is drawn on to help explain some of the creative responses which we observe, while in other places deep-rooted concerns for the future are a stark reality. By describing how the pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing geographic, social and economic marginalisation, particularly for the most vulnerable places, societies and economic activities globally, this book provides insight into the impacts and implications across the world and reflects on the different experiences. Series Editor’s Preface Contents Contributors List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction 1.1 Crisis as a Driver of Marginalisation 1.2 COVID-19 Pandemic and Marginalisation References Part I COVID’s Global Impact and Marginalisation 2 COVID-19s Economic and Social Impact Globally 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Marginalisation and Crises 2.3 Economic Impacts 2.4 Impacts on Development and the SDGs 2.5 Community Impacts and Responses to COVID-19 2.6 Social Impacts: Some Implications of Pandemic on Social Inequalities and Marginalisation 2.7 The Pandemic, Mental Health and Marginal Societies 2.8 Some Environmental Concerns 2.9 Conclusion and Way Forward References Part II Social Impacts and Marginalisation 3 De-marginalising Social-Democracy: The Recovery of Collectivity in Europe During Covid-19 Pandemic 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Theoretical Framework: Revolutions and Cultural Redefinitions During Pandemics 3.1.2 Pandemics Accelerate Processes 3.1.3 The Consequences of European External and Internal Marginalisation 3.2 The Manifestation of the Complex European Model and Its Relationship with the Limits of Individual and State Responsibility 3.2.1 The Complexity of the European Mixed Cultural Model 3.2.2 The Protestant Cultural Tradition Model of Northern Europe 3.2.3 The Model of Catholic Cultural Tradition in Southern Europe 3.3 Conclusion: De-marginalising a Social Democratic Model that Guarantees the Rights of the Individual in Europe References 4 COVID-19 Lockdown and Education: The Risk of Increasing Marginalisation—Distance-Education in Switzerland During the Spring 2020 Lockdown 4.1 Switzerland and the COVID-19 Pandemic 4.2 The Challenge for Education: Questions and Method 4.3 The Swiss Educational System and the COVID-19 Crisis 4.4 The Situation in Switzerland 4.4.1 Organisational Aspects 4.4.2 Learning Outcomes 4.4.3 Learning Efforts 4.4.4 Teachers 4.4.5 Parents 4.4.6 Authorities 4.5 Lessons Learnt 4.6 The New Situation After 2020 4.7 Conclusion References 5 Restrictions on Formal Education Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Effects on Growing Marginalisation in Argentina 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Evolution and Incidence of the Pandemic COVID-19 in Argentina and Measures to Restrict Activities 5.3 Consequences of the Restrictive Measures on the Living Conditions of the Population 5.4 Restrictive Measures in the Field of Education and Their Present and Future Effects 5.5 The Situation in Some Schools in the Voice of Their Teachers 5.6 Conclusion References 6 Addressing Geographical Marginality During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Romania: Civil Society, Volunteerism, and Networking 6.1 Context and Aim of Researching Geographical Marginality During COVID-19 in Romania 6.2 On Marginality and Marginalised People and Places 6.3 Methodology 6.3.1 Data Collection 6.3.2 Data Interpretation 6.4 People in Focus: Beneficiaries of Civil Society’s Involvement 6.5 The Spatial Dimension of the Civil Society’s Engagement 6.6 Health, Education, and Civic Engagement Initiatives 6.7 Stakeholders, Volunteering, and Networking to Mitigate the COVID-19 Consequences 6.8 Final Discussion and Conclusions References 7 The COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia: Its Impacts on the Poor and Migrant Workers Communities in Urban Areas 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Understanding Marginality 7.3 COVID-19 and Its Effects on Marginalised Populations in Cities 7.4 Government Responses to the Pandemic and Impacts on Marginalised Urban Communities 7.5 Concluding Thoughts References 8 Marginality and Resilience Strategies in Coastal Fishing Villages During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the State of Yucatan, Mexico 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Theoretical Positioning and Conceptual Framework 8.3 Methodology 8.4 Characteristics of Fishing Villages in Yucatan 8.5 Emerging Adaptations of Fishing Localities in Yucatan During the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic 8.5.1 Social and Food Revaluation of Low-Value Fish Species at the Municipal Scale 8.5.2 Opening of Exchange Routes Between Coastal Fishery Products and Inland Farming Products 8.5.3 Proposed Agreements with National Institutions to Ensure Sales by Increasing Seafood Consumption 8.5.4 Expansion of Communication Channels Across Members of the Fisheries Sector Through Social Networks 8.6 Conclusion References Part III Economic Impacts and Marginalisation 9 The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Enhanced Marginalisation of Marginal Tourist Destinations 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Marginality, Tourism and Tourism Competitiveness 9.3 The Main and Marginal Tourist Destinations: The Methodological Approach 9.4 The Overtourism and the Sustainable Forms of Tourism 9.5 The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Tourist Destinations 9.6 Tourism Recovery After COVID-19 9.7 Conclusion References 10 Exacerbating Marginalisation: COVID-19’s Impact on Peripheral, Tourism-Dependent Regions in New Zealand and Local Responses 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Theory—Responding to Crises 10.3 New Zealand’s Response to COVID-19 and Its Impact on Tourism Nationally 10.4 Effects of COVID-19 on the Tourism Dependent Economies of Queenstown, Fiordland and the West Coast Glaciers 10.5 Response to the Loss of International Tourists 10.6 Opportunities for New Path Formation 10.7 Assessment and Discussion 10.8 Conclusion References 11 The COVID-19 Pandemic’s Implications for Tourism Preferences in Croatia: Potential New Challenges for Marginal Areas 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Research Area 11.1.2 Approach and Methodology 11.2 Results and Discussion 11.2.1 Changes in Accommodation Capacities: (Is There a) Response to the Pandemic? 11.2.2 Changes in Tourism Preferences and Demand 11.2.3 International Versus Domestic Market Shift in Pandemic 11.2.4 Change in the Characteristics of Visitors 11.2.5 Average Length of Stay and Organisation of Holidays 11.3 Some Concluding Remarks References 12 The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourism in Romania in 2020 with Special Regard on Marginal Rural Areas 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Methodology, Data and Materials 12.3 The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourism in Romania 12.3.1 Tourist Arrivals and Overnight Stays in Romania 12.3.2 Monthly Comparison Between Tourism Numbers in 2019 and 2020 12.3.3 Decline of the International Tourist Arrivals and Overnight Stays 12.3.4 Monthly Comparison Between 2019 and 2020 in Terms of Foreign Tourists in Romania 12.3.5 Effects of the Pandemic on Accommodation 12.4 Regional Analysis of COVID-19’s Impact on Tourism in Romania 12.4.1 Tourism Arrivals and Overnight Stays by Destination in Romania 12.4.2 The Impact of the Pandemic on Tourism in Romanian Marginal Rural Areas 12.5 Conclusions References 13 Tourism and (De)marginalisation: How to Minimise the Cost of COVID-19 in Porto 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Tourism in a Pandemic Era 13.2.1 Vulnerability Versus Marginality 13.2.2 Marginality and Tourism 13.3 Impacts of COVID-19 in Touristic Activity in Porto 13.3.1 Tourism in Porto: Challenges and Opportunities 13.4 Literary Tourism: an Opportunity to Promote Local Identity and Address Social Marginality in Pandemic Times in Porto 13.4.1 Literary Tourism 13.5 Final Considerations 13.6 Conclusions References Part IV COVID-19’s Impact on Movement and Globalisation 14 Spatial Diffusion of COVID-19: From Hyper-Connected Territories to Marginal Areas—The Case of Niassa, Mozambique 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Lessons Yet to Be Learned in Marginal Contexts 14.3 Changes and New Threats in Hyper-Connected Territories 14.4 COVID-19 Management in Marginal Territories: The Case of Niassa, Mozambique 14.4.1 Materials and Methods 14.4.2 Results 14.4.3 Discussion 14.5 Conclusions References 15 Vietnam’s Global Market Integration During the Covidian Era: An Exploratory Analysis of the Pandemic’s Marginalising Effects on the Rural Poor 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Global Market Integration of Rural Areas in Vietnam 15.2.1 Key Post-war Rural Transformations (1975–Present) 15.2.2 Main Effects of Post-collectivist and Neoliberal Transformations 15.3 Adaptation Through Rural Livelihood Diversification: The Case of Southern Vietnam 15.3.1 Agricultural Diversification 15.3.2 Diversification of Non-agricultural Economic Activities 15.4 Being a Peasant in the Era of COVID-19: Evolving Adaptation Strategies in the Face of the Pandemic’s Marginalising Effects 15.5 Concluding Thoughts References Part V Conclusion 16 Some Conclusions About COVID-19’s Impact on Marginality and Marginalisation 16.1 Introductory Thoughts 16.2 COVID-19’s Direct Impacts 16.3 COVID-19 Pandemic and Marginalisation 16.4 Lessons for the Future References