Countering Violent and Hateful Extremism in Indonesia: Islam, Gender and Civil Society (New Security Challenges)

This book provides an overview of preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) to assist readers in developing a more complete understanding of P/CVE and the issues of radicalisation, disengagement and rehabilitation. It shines a light on some key P/CVE programmes and initiatives in Indonesia and is written to facilitate understanding preventing and countering violent extremism in a larger frame. It is intended to be of interest to civil society activists, security practitioners, communities, policy makers and researchers alike. It represents a collaboration, born out of partnership in the field, that brings together academic researchers and civil society activists from Indonesia and Australia. Around the world, far too little is known about Indonesian society in general and Indonesian Islam and civil society in particular. This is, in large measure, because of the barrier of language. This book represents a small, but hopefully significant, contribution to opening a window to Indonesia. The focus of this book is on the challenging issues entailed with violent and hateful extremism. The initiatives it portrays and the people it describes, and whose voices it channels, are filled with the hope of transforming the world to make it better. Greg Barton is a research professor in Global Islamic Politics in the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation (ADI), Deakin University, researching Islam and civil society, democratisation and countering violent extremism. The central axis of his research interests is the way in which religious thought, individual believers and religious communities respond to modernity and to the modern nation-state. Matteo Vergani is a researcher in ADI and a senior lecturer in sociology at Deakin University, Australia. His primary research interests are political and bias violence, its causes, its impact on society and the study of what could prevent it. he is the founder of the online platform Tackling Hate, which provides free training modules for practitioners working on tackling various forms of hate and extremism. Yenny Wahid is the second daughter of H.E. Abdurrahman Wahid and established the Wahid Foundation to carry on his work in building tolerance and understanding. She was a former journalist for the Australian newspapers, The Sydney Morning Herald and The Age and a member of the special staff for political communication working in the office of President Yudhoyono Preface About This Book/Conference Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures List of Tables Part I Understanding Violent and Hateful Extremism 1 Introduction Introduction Defining Extremism, Terrorism and Radicalisation Violent and Hateful Extremism Defining Terrorism Defining Radicalisation CVE and Civil Society Civil Society and CSOs References 2 Understanding Violent Extremism in Indonesia Introduction The Roots of Radical Islam in Indonesia Violent Extremism in the Post-democratisation Era Why Do Indonesians Radicalise into Violent Extremism? Survey Data and Analysis Religiosity and Belonging to Islamic Mass Organisations Societal Pessimism The Imagined Enemies Intergroup Contact Toxic Masculinity and Violent Extremism Digital Literacy and Violent Extremism Conclusion References 3 Disengagement, Deradicalisation, and Rehabilitation Introduction References Part II Case Studies in Countering Extremism 4 An Initiative of Women in Preventing and Countering Violence Extremism: The Mothers for Change Program Introduction Program Aim and Scope Target Participants Context of the Initiative Project Activities Evaluation Future Directions of the Program Conclusion: Mothers as Key ‘Peace Agents’ References 5 Peace Villages Introduction Women and Terrorism The Peace Village Initiative Establishing a Peace Village: Three Phases Areas of Implementation West Java Central Java East Java Initiating the Peace Village Effectiveness of the Peace Village Initiative Strategy Skills System Shared Values Conclusion: Sustaining and Strengthening the Peace Village Initiative References 6 International and Local Actor Collaborations to Prevent Violent Extremism Among Youth in Indonesia: Initiatives and Effectiveness Introduction Youth: Necessary Concern UNDP and PPIM UIN: The CONVEY Initiative SFCG: Reducing the Risk of Recruitment and Recidivism Program Effectiveness Evaluating CONVEY Evaluating SFCG Moving Forward: Increasing Scope and Cooperation References 7 An Empowerment Program for Spouses of Convicted Terrorists in Indonesia Introduction The Evolving Role of Women in Islamic Terrorism Overview of the Empowerment Program for Spouses of Convicted Terrorists Workshops Participants and Locations Procedure Results and Discussion Integrative Complexity Undifferentiated (Score 1) Differentiated, Not Integrated (Score 3) Differentiated, Some Integration (Score 5) Differentiation, Multi-Level Integration (Score 7) Qualitative Thematic Analysis Visual Analysis Conclusion and Key Findings References Part III Key Issues 8 Gendering CVE in Indonesia Introduction Gender Analysis in Violent Extremism and P/CVE Gender Analysis in Understanding Violent Extremism in Indonesia Gender as a Key Element in Indonesia’s P/CVE Moving Forward: Key Challenges and Recommendations Conclusion: Bringing the Gender Lens Forward References 9 Countering Violent Extremism in Indonesia: The Role of Former Terrorists and Civil Society Organisations Introduction De-radicalisation as a Counter-Terrorism Strategy Terrorism and Prisoners in Indonesia Prison-Based Initiatives Youth-Based Initiatives Economic Empowerment for Former Terrorist Prisoners Conclusion References 10 The Dynamics of Islamic Mass Organisations in Preventing Violent Extremism Introduction Education and Social Sectors as Agent of Change Modelling Approach of Preventing Violent Extremism Ideology as a Driver of Radicalism and Violent Extremism Balancing Ideology with Other Factors The Role of IMOs Conclusion References 11 Online P/CVE Social Media Efforts Introduction Differentiating Online CT and Online P/CVE Censorship and Negative Measures Blocking or Removing Content Before It Appears Reporting and Takedowns P/CVE Approaches in Indonesia Counter Narratives Remedial Intervention Positive/Alternative Narratives Critical Thinking/Resilience Gaps and Challenges in Online P/CVE References 12 An Introduction to Social Enterprise for Practitioners in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism Introduction What is Social Enterprise and Social Entrepreneurship? Why Set Up a Social Enterprise? Supporting the Prevention of Violent Extremism Steps and Issues to Consider When Developing a Social Enterprise Conclusion References Part IV Developing Capacity 13 Capacity Gap Analysis of Civil Society Organisations Working Against Violent Extremism in Indonesia and South East Asia The 2018 Capacity Gap Analysis The 2019 Capacity Gap Analysis The 2020 Capacity Gap Analysis Described Relationship with Government According to Organisational Experience: Conclusions References 14 Conclusion: The Way Forward Introduction Future Directions and Challenges Women and P/CVE Masculinity and Violent Extremism Empowering CSOs in the CVE Space Returning Foreign Fighters The Way Forward References 15 Appendix: How to Design Impact Evaluations of CVE Programs—A Practical Guide for Indonesian Civil Society Organisations Introduction Premise. Understanding the Cultural Underpinnings of “Impact” Evaluations Step 1: Uncovering Assumptions: Does Your Program Impact on the Overall Reduction of Violent Extremism? Step 2: Drawing the Program Logic: Identifying the Specific and Measurable Aims of Your P/CVE Program Step 3: Collecting the Data Step 4: Understanding the Data Evaluation Framework and Library of Tools to Assess Key P/CVE Issues Selected Measures in English Language Selected Measures in English and Indonesian References