Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century: International Perspectives Volumes 1-3

The attacks of September 11, 2001, inaugurated a new global era of counterterrorism policy and activity, led by the United States. Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century analyzes the most significant dimensions of combating terrorism, including considerations of strategic and tactical issues (hard power, soft power, and counterintelligence); the need to thwart sources and facilitators (weak governments, ill-conceived foreign policy, and trafficking in drugs, guns, and humans); and the incorporation of lessons learned thus far from combating terrorism around the globe. Since the dawn of the new millennium, combating terrorism has become a primary focus of security professionals throughout the world. The attacks of September 11, 2001, inaugurated a new global era of counterterrorism policy and activity, led by the United States, while many countries—from Algeria and Spain to Sri Lanka and Indonesia—have redoubled their efforts to combat their own indigenous terrorism threats. In the Unites States, the counterterrorism goals identified in the National Strategy for Combating Terrorism (2006) can only be achieved through significant multinational cooperation. These goals are to advance effective democracies as the long-term antidote to the ideologies of terrorism; to prevent attacks by terrorist networks; to deny terrorists the support and sanctuary of rogue states; to deny terrorists control of any nation they would use as a base and launching pad for terror; and to lay the foundations and build the institutions and structures we need to carry the fight forward against terror and help ensure our ultimate success. At this point in the development of the global counterterrorism efforts, it is particularly important to pause for reflection on a number of critical questions. What do we know about effectively countering terrorism? What are the characteristics of successful or unsuccessful counterterrorism campaigns? What do we need to learn in order to do this better? Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century addresses these and related questions, contributing to national security policy as well as to our understanding of the terrorist threat and how it can be defeated. Volume 1: Strategic and Tactical Considerations examines issues of hard power, soft power, and intelligence/counterintelligence. Volume 2: Sources and Facilitators covers state failure, border controls, democracy promotion, networks and trade and trafficking, and societal issues. Volume 3: Lessons Learned from Combating Terrorism and Insurgency includes case studies of counterterrorism operations (e.g., the hijacking of the Achille Lauro, the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center, and the capture of key terrorist suspects like Ramzi Youssef and Khalid Sheikh Mohamad); and case studies of long-term efforts to combat terrorism (e.g., the Basques in Spain, the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, Israel's struggle against Palestinian terror organizations, Peru and Sendero Luminoso, and Japan and Aum Shinrikyo). HOW TO GO TO YOUR PAGE 2 Editor’s Note 11 Volume 1: Strategic and Tactical Considerations 5 CONTENTS – Volume 1 7 Preface 15 Acknowledgments 29 1 Strategic and Tactical Considerations: An Introduction 31 Part I: Strategic and Policy Dimensions 57 2 U.S. Grand Strategy for Countering Islamist Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century 59 3 Thinking Strategically: Can Democracy Defeat Terrorism? 86 4 Twenty-First Century Insurgencies: Understanding the Use of Terrorism as a Strategy 110 5 Developing and Implementing a Counterterrorism Policy in a Liberal Democracy 123 6 Morality, Ethics, and Law in the Global War on Terrorism (The Long War) 136 7 The Critical Role of Interagency Cooperation in Countering Suicide Bombings 163 8 The U.S. Government’s Counterterrorism Research and Development Programs 181 Part II: Hard Power 207 9 National Objectives in the Hands of Junior Leaders 209 10 Engaging Military Contractors in Counterterrorism and Security Operations 220 11 Manhunting: A Process to Find Persons of National Interest 238 12 Guerilla Warfare and Law Enforcement: Combating the 21st-Century Terrorist Cell within the United States 265 13 Combating Terror in U.S. Communities: The SWAT Mission 283 Part III: Soft Power 301 14 Denying Terrorists Sanctuary through Civil Military Operations 303 15 Battlefronts in the War of Ideas 328 16 The Centrality of Ideology in Counterterrorism Strategies in the Middle East 349 17 Public Diplomacy as Strategic Communication 366 18 Cyber Mobilization: The Neglected Aspect of Information Operations and Counterinsurgency Doctrine 388 19 The Key Role of Psychological Operations in Countering Terrorism 410 Part IV: Intelligence and Counterintelligence 425 20 The Contemporary Challenges of Counterterrorism Intelligence 427 21 Multinational Intelligence Cooperation 450 22 Intelligence Coordination and Counterterrorism: A European Perspective 470 23 Coping with Terrorism: Lessons Learned from the Israeli Intelligence Community 495 24 Facilitating Interagency Communication and Open Source Intelligence for Counterterrorism 517 25 Al Qaeda’s Surveillance Offensive against America, 2000–2003: Implications for U.S. Homeland Countersurveillance 532 26 Forecasting Terrorist Groups’ Warfare: “Conventional” to CBRN 555 Appendix A: The National Security Strategy of the United States 567 Appendix B: The National Strategy for Combating Terrorism 615 Bibliography 635 Index – Volume 1 657 About the Editor and Contributors 689 Volume 2: Combating the Sources and Facilitators 698 CONTENTS – VOLUME 2 700 Preface 708 Acknowledgments 722 1 Combating the Sources and Facilitators of Terrorism: An Introduction 724 Part I: Governments and the International System 746 2 Combating State Sponsors of Terrorism 748 3 The Democratic Deficit: The Need for Liberal Democratization 765 4 The Role of Democratization in Reducing the Appeal of Extremist Groups in the Middle East and North Africa 779 5 Authoritarian and Corrupt Governments 799 6 The Failed State 816 7 Borders and State Insecurity 832 Part II: Criminal and Economic Dimensions 848 8 Combating the International Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons 850 9 Terrorism Finance: Global Responses to the Terrorism Money Trail 865 10 Organized Criminal Networks and Terrorism 886 11 The Global Drug Trade and Its Nexus to Terrorism 901 12 Afghanistan’s Transformation to a Narco-Terrorist State: An Economic Perspective 919 13 The Shadow Economy and Terrorist Infrastructure 942 14 International Energy Dependence: Facilitator and Vulnerability 959 15 Red Sky in the Morning: The Nexus between International Maritime Piracy and Transnational Terrorism 984 16 Understanding and Countering the Motives and Methods of Warlords 1001 Part III: Society, Technology, and Strategic Influence 1026 17 Responding to Psychological, Social, Economic, and Political Roots of Terrorism 1028 18 Suicide, Homicide, or Martyrdom: What’s in a Name? 1048 19 Understanding and Combating Education for Martyrdom 1067 20 Terrorism and New Media: The Cyber-Battlespace 1086 21 Cry Terror and Let Slip the Media Dogs 1108 22 Terror TV? An Exploration of Hizbollah’s Al-Manar Television 1124 23 Sociocultural, Economic, and Demographic Aspects of Counterterrorism 1143 Part IV: U.S. Responses to the Global Security Environment 1174 24 Terrorism, Insurgency, and Afghanistan 1176 25 Fighting Al Qaeda: Understanding the Organizational, Ideological, and Financial Aspects of a Global Network of Terror 1202 26 Iraq in the 21st Century 1219 27 The Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership: America’s New Commitment to Africa 1237 28 Values, Emotions, and the Global War on Terror 1252 Appendix : The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy 1266 Bibliography 1278 Index – Volume 2 1302 About the Editor and Contributors 1328 Volume 3: Lessons from the Fight against Terrorism 1338 CONTENTS – VOLUME 3 1340 Preface 1348 Acknowledgments 1364 1 An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Counterterrorism 1366 2 Educating the Next Generation of Counterterrorism Professionals 1376 PART I: CASE STUDIES OF TERRORIST ATTACKS AND COUNTERTERRORISM OPERATIONS 1398 3 “Beginning of a War”: The United States and the Hijacking of TWA Flight 847 1400 4 The Achille Lauro Hijacking 1417 5 The February 1993 Attack on the World Trade Center 1435 6 Insurgent Seizure of an Urban Area: Grozny, 1996 1453 7 The U.S. Embassy Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 1468 8 The Case of Ramzi Yousef 1493 9 The Attack on the USS Cole 1510 10 Capturing Khalid Sheikh Mohammad 1527 11 The Siege of Beslan’s School No. 1 1541 12 The Madrid Attacks on March 11: An Analysis of the Jihadist Threat in Spain and Main Counterterrorist Measures 1567 13 The London Terrorist Attacks of July 7, 2005 1587 14 The April 1995 Bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City 1607 PART II: CASE STUDIES OF THE LONG-TERM FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM AND INSURGENCY 1624 15 State Response to Terrorism in Sri Lanka 1626 16 Countering West Germany’s Red Army Faction: What Can We Learn? 1640 17 Countering Terrorism in Latin America: The Case of Shining Path in Peru 1657 18 A Long Road to Victory: Developing Counterinsurgency Strategy in Colombia 1675 19 The Wars in Chechnya and the Decay of Russian Democratization 1699 20 Italy and the Red Brigades: The Success of Repentance Policy in Counterterrorism 1717 21 Lebanon, Hizbollah, and the Patrons of Terrorism 1731 22 Turkey and the PKK 1753 23 Israel’s Struggle against Palestinian Terrorist Organizations 1773 24 Fighting Fire with Fire: Destroying the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood 1795 25 State Power and the Progress of Militant and Moderate Islamism in Egypt 1808 26 Counterterrorism Policies and the Revolutionary Movement of Tupac Amaru: The Unmasking of Peru’s National Security State 1828 27 Moro Insurgents and the Peace Process in the Philippines 1850 28 Terrorism and Uzbekistan: The Threat and the Response 1873 29 India’s Response to Terrorism in Kashmir 1879 30 Combating Terrorism in Nepal 1897 31 Japan and Aum Shinrikyo 1914 32 The Struggle with Violent Right-Wing Extremist Groups in the United States 1934 Bibliography 1946 Index – Volume 3 1968 About the Editor and Contributors 2004

the Attacks Of September 11, 2001, Inaugurated A New Global Era Of Counterterrorism Policy And Activity, Led By The United States. countering Terrorism And Insurgency In The 21st Century Analyzes The Most Significant Dimensions Of Combating Terrorism, Including Considerations Of Strategic And Tactical Issues (hard Power, Soft Power, And Counterintelligence); The Need To Thwart Sources And Facilitators (weak Governments, Ill-conceived Foreign Policy, And Trafficking In Drugs, Guns, And Humans); And The Incorporation Of Lessons Learned Thus Far From Combating Terrorism Around The Globe.

since The Dawn Of The New Millennium, Combating Terrorism Has Become A Primary Focus Of Security Professionals Throughout The World. The Attacks Of September 11, 2001, Inaugurated A New Global Era Of Counterterrorism Policy And Activity, Led By The United States, While Many Countries—from Algeria And Spain To Sri Lanka And Indonesia—have Redoubled Their Efforts To Combat Their Own Indigenous Terrorism Threats. In The Unites States, The Counterterrorism Goals Identified In The national Strategy For Combating Terrorism (2006) Can Only Be Achieved Through Significant Multinational Cooperation. These Goals Are To Advance Effective Democracies As The Long-term Antidote To The Ideologies Of Terrorism; To Prevent Attacks By Terrorist Networks; To Deny Terrorists The Support And Sanctuary Of Rogue States; To Deny Terrorists Control Of Any Nation They Would Use As A Base And Launching Pad For Terror; And To Lay The Foundations And Build The Institutions And Structures We Need To Carry The Fight Forward Against Terror And Help Ensure Our Ultimate Success.

at This Point In The Development Of The Global Counterterrorism Efforts, It Is Particularly Important To Pause For Reflection On A Number Of Critical Questions.

• what Do We Know About Effectively Countering Terrorism?

• what Are The Characteristics Of Successful Or Unsuccessful Counterterrorism Campaigns?

• what Do We Need To Learn In Order To Do This Better?

countering Terrorism And Insurgency In The 21st Century Addresses These And Related Questions, Contributing To National Security Policy As Well As To Our Understanding Of The Terrorist Threat And How It Can Be Defeated. volume 1: Strategic And Tactical Considerations Examines Issues Of Hard Power, Soft Power, And Intelligence/counterintelligence. volume 2: Sources And Facilitators Covers State Failure, Border Controls, Democracy Promotion, Networks And Trade And Trafficking, And Societal Issues. volume 3: Lessons Learned From Combating Terrorism And Insurgency Includes Case Studies Of Counterterrorism Operations (e.g., The Hijacking Of The Achille Lauro, The 1993 Bombing Of The World Trade Center, And The Capture Of Key Terrorist Suspects Like Ramzi Youssef And Khalid Sheikh Mohamad); And Case Studies Of Long-term Efforts To Combat Terrorism (e.g., The Basques In Spain, The Tamil Tigers In Sri Lanka, Israel's Struggle Against Palestinian Terror Organizations, Peru And Sendero Luminoso, And Japan And Aum Shinrikyo).

this Three-volume Collection Edited By Forest Gathers Together Dozens Of Experts, Military And Academic, On The Topic Of Global Terrorism. Forest Has Written A Preface And Introduction To Each Volume. In Effect, Contributors' Essays Answer Such Questions From Forest As What Do We Know About Effectively Countering Terrorism?, What Are The Characteristics Of Successful Or Unsuccessful Counterterrorism Campaigns?, And What Do We Need To Learn In Order To Better Handle This Threat? Forest Notes That Terrorism Has Been Around For Hundreds Of Years And That The Ability Of Terrorists To Adapt To The Changing International Environment, Use Technology, And Maintain Lines Of Communication Helps Them Remain Viable. He Recognizes That No Single Method Will Be Successful In Eradicating Terrorism But Advocates That Nations Themselves Adapt By Using Not Just Greater Technology But Greater International Communication And Cooperation. The Set Is Well Organized, With Chapters Arranged Thematically....although Each Volume Can In Fact Function As A Standalone Text, The Set Should Be Maintained As One Complete Work. Recommended For Academic And Large Public Libraries.

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What do we know about effectively countering terrorism? What are the characteristics of successful or unsuccessful counter terrorism campaigns? This title addresses these and related questions, contributing to national security policy as well as to our understanding of the terrorist threat and how it can be defeated