مشاوره و روان‌درمانی: مفاهیم جدیدتر در عمل

For courses in Computer Science and Programming Computer systems: A Programmer's Perspective explains the underlying elements common among all computer systems and how they affect general application performance. Written from the programmer's perspective, this book strives to teach students how understanding basic elements of computer systems and executing real practice can lead them to create better programs. Spanning across computer science themes such as hardware architecture, the operating system, and systems software, the Third Edition serves as a comprehensive introduction to program.NOTE:This global edition hasdifferent set of practice and homework problems,these problems and their solutions have many errors and there is no errata for this edition." Contents......Page 3 Preface......Page 15 Tour of Computer Systems......Page 31 Information Is Bits + Context......Page 33 Programs Are Translated by Other Programs into Different Forms......Page 34 It Pays to Understand How Compilation Systems Work......Page 36 Processors Read and Interpret Instructions Stored in Memory......Page 37 Caches Matter......Page 41 The Operating System Manages the Hardware......Page 44 Systems Communicate with Other Systems Using Networks......Page 49 Important Themes......Page 52 Summary......Page 57 --- Program Structure & Execution......Page 59 Representing & Manipulating Information......Page 60 Information Storage......Page 63 Integer Representations......Page 88 Integer Arithmetic......Page 113 Floating Point......Page 137 Summary......Page 155 Machine-Level Representation......Page 191 A Historical Perspective......Page 194 Program Encodings......Page 197 Data Formats......Page 205 Accessing Information......Page 207 Arithmetic and Logical Operations......Page 219 Control......Page 228 Procedures......Page 266 Array Allocation and Access......Page 283 Heterogeneous Data Structures......Page 293 Combining Control and Data in Machine-Level Programs......Page 304 Floating-Point Code......Page 321 Summary......Page 337 Processor Architecture......Page 379 The Y86-64 Instruction Set Architecture......Page 383 Logic Design and the Hardware Control Language HCL......Page 400 Sequential Y86-64 Implementations......Page 412 General Principles of Pipelining......Page 440 Pipelined Y86-64 Implementations......Page 449 Summary......Page 498 Optimizing Program Performance......Page 523 Capabilities and Limitations of Optimizing Compilers......Page 526 Expressing Program Performance......Page 530 Program Example......Page 532 Eliminating Loop Inefficiencies......Page 536 Reducing Procedure Calls......Page 540 Eliminating Unneeded Memory References......Page 542 Understanding Modern Processors......Page 545 Loop Unrolling......Page 559 Enhancing Parallelism......Page 564 Summary of Results for Optimizing Combining Code......Page 575 Some Limiting Factors......Page 576 Understanding Memory Performance......Page 581 Life in the Real World: Performance Improvement Techniques......Page 589 Identifying and Eliminating Performance Bottlenecks......Page 590 Summary......Page 596 Memory Hierarchy......Page 607 Storage Technologies......Page 609 Locality......Page 632 The Memory Hierarchy......Page 637 Cache Memories......Page 642 Writing Cache-Friendly Code......Page 661 Putting It Together: The Impact of Caches on Program Performance......Page 667 Summary......Page 676 --- Running Programs......Page 695 Linking......Page 696 Compiler Drivers......Page 698 Static Linking......Page 699 Object Files......Page 700 Relocatable Object Files......Page 701 Symbols and Symbol Tables......Page 702 Symbol Resolution......Page 706 Relocation......Page 716 Executable Object Files......Page 722 Loading Executable Object Files......Page 724 Dynamic Linking with Shared Libraries......Page 725 Loading and Linking Shared Libraries from Applications......Page 728 Position-Independent Code (PIC)......Page 731 Library Interpositioning......Page 734 Summary......Page 740 Exceptional Control Flow......Page 747 Exceptions......Page 749 Processes......Page 758 System Call Error Handling......Page 763 Process Control......Page 764 Signals......Page 782 Nonlocal Jumps......Page 807 Tools for Manipulating Processes......Page 812 Summary......Page 813 Virtual Memory......Page 826 Physical and Virtual Addressing......Page 828 Address Spaces......Page 829 VM as a Tool for Caching......Page 830 VM as a Tool for Memory Management......Page 836 VM as a Tool for Memory Protection......Page 837 Address Translation......Page 838 Case Study: The Intel Core i7/Linux Memory System......Page 850 Memory Mapping......Page 858 Dynamic Memory Allocation......Page 864 Garbage Collection......Page 890 Common Memory-Related Bugs in C Programs......Page 895 Summary......Page 900 --- Interaction & Communication......Page 911 System-Level IO......Page 912 Unix I/O......Page 913 Files......Page 914 Opening and Closing Files......Page 916 Reading and Writing Files......Page 918 Package......Page 920 Reading File Metadata......Page 926 Reading Directory Contents......Page 928 Sharing Files......Page 929 I/O Redirection......Page 932 Putting It Together: Which I/O Functions Should I Use?......Page 934 Summary......Page 936 Network Programming......Page 940 The Client-Server Programming Model......Page 941 Networks......Page 942 The Global IP Internet......Page 947 The Sockets Interface......Page 955 Web Servers......Page 971 Web Server......Page 979 Summary......Page 987 Concurrent Programming......Page 993 Concurrent Programming with Processes......Page 995 Concurrent Programming with I/O Multiplexing......Page 999 Concurrent Programming with Threads......Page 1007 Shared Variables in Threaded Programs......Page 1014 Synchronizing Threads with Semaphores......Page 1017 Using Threads for Parallelism......Page 1035 Other Concurrency Issues......Page 1042 Summary......Page 1052 Error Handling......Page 1063 Error Handling in Unix Systems......Page 1064 Error-Handling Wrappers......Page 1065 Refs......Page 1068 Index......Page 1074