Counseling and Gender: Intersectional Approaches for Practice, Research, and Advocacy

This book introduces mental health professionals and students to gender issues involved in professional practice, research, and teaching. The book emphasizes an intersectional and inclusive framework as an effective way to better understand gender, addressing the available evidence for defining and measuring gender and gender-related psychological processes, as well as discussing the social/political implications of gender for individuals, families, and the larger society. The authors describe racial, cultural, and ethnic underpinnings that are key to understanding the definition and impact of gender in the daily lives of individuals, families, and communities, as well as the larger society. Among the topics discussed: Cultural and historical bases of gender, especially gender roles and the gender binary Experiences of privilege and oppression Prejudice and discrimination based on gender Intersections of gender and social group experiences, based on race ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES) and sexual orientation Common clinical concerns, including relationships, families, education and career Affirmative and liberatory therapies Preface References Acknowledgments Contents About the Authors Chapter 1: Constructions and Sociohistorical Considerations of Gender Historical Underpinnings of Gender Science and the Scientification of Gender Sociopolitical Considerations of Gender Gender and Power Power Analysis Sources of Power Power Analysis of Gender and Psychological Research Examples of Power Analysis of Gender and Psychological Research History of Gender in Psychology Diversity of Women in Psychology Men in Psychology Diversity of Men in Psychology TGNC People in Psychology Conclusion References Chapter 2: Cultural and Ethnic Contexts of Gender Culture and Ethnicity Socialization Practices and Individual Identity Latine Multicultural Worldview Asian American Ethnicity/Cultures African Diaspora and American “Black Culture” Native Americans Religious and Spiritual Socialization Practices Religion, Spirituality, and Trans and Gender Nonconforming People Generational Influences on Gender Conclusion Case Study Discussion Questions References Chapter 3: Racial Contexts of Gender Introducing Race and Gender Street Race and Colorism Exploring Intersectionalities: Race, Gender, and Context Seneca Falls Declaration Power and Positionality White Racial Identity and Power Gendered Racism and Double Oppression Feminism, Womanism, and Empowerment Socio-Cultural Profiles and Contextual Challenges Conclusion Case Study Discussion Questions References Chapter 4: Socioeconomic Contexts of Gender Social Class, Socioeconomic Status, and Classism Seeking and Education and Career: The Wage Gap and Covid-19 Racial-Ethnic Impact on Gender and SES Differences LGB and TGNC Populations and the Gender Gap The Covid-19 Pandemic Gender and Poverty SES and Single Mothers Ability and Age LGB and TGNC Populations SES and Men Breadwinner Role Racial-Ethnic Considerations for Men and SES Conclusion Case Study Discussion Questions References Chapter 5: Sexual Orientation and Gender Note on Language History and Sexual Orientation Terminology Differentiation of Behavior, Identity, and Materiality Gender and Heteronormativity Sexual Orientation and Gender Considerations Lesbians Gay Men Bisexual Queer/Pansexual Asexual Straight Conclusion Case Study Discussion Questions References Chapter 6: Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Contexts of Gender Introduction of Gender Expansiveness Gender Construction and Context The Coloniality of Gender Transgender Identity Visibility for TGNC People Medicalization and the TGNC Body Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Counseling Considerations Transgender Women Transgender Men Nonbinary People Euphoria, Resistance, and Liberation Conclusion Case Study Discussion Questions References Chapter 7: Gender and Identity Development Psychology and the Measurement of Gender Roles and Identity Masculinity-Femininity Research Aspects of Gender Identity Gender Identity Models Women’s Identities Men’s Identities Transgender/Gender Nonconforming Identities Multicultural Gender Role Model Conclusion Case Study Discussion Questions References Chapter 8: Education and Career Development Introduction Gender and Education Education and Career: Women Education and Career: Women of Color Education and Career: Boys and Men Education and Career: Men of Color Education and Career Interventions for Men Education and Career: Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming People Conclusion Case Study Discussion Questions References Chapter 9: Families and Relationships Women’s Relationships Girls and Young Women Romantic Relationships Clinical Issues Men’s Relationships LGBT Relationships Relationships Within Families of Origin Latina Socialization Conclusion Case Study Discussion Questions References Chapter 10: Health and Wellness Gender and Physical Health Gender and Cardiovascular Risk Gender and Osteoporosis Gender and Knee Arthritis/Knee Injuries Gender and Life Expectancy Racial-Ethnic Considerations Black Maternal Health Medical Gaslighting Impact of Sex and Gender on Mental Health Depression: An Insight into Gender Differences The Gender Paradox in Suicide Gender and Stress: Increasing for Women Women of Color and Mental Health: Gender, Race, and Stress Men and Health Conforming to Masculine Norms Objectification Theory Conclusion Case Study Discussion Questions References Chapter 11: Gender and Violence Exploring the Spectrum of Gender-Based Violence Gender Based Violence as a Global Pandemic Childhood Sexual Abuse: Historical Trauma and Next Steps Three Discoveries with CSA Storying Childhood Sexual Abuse Supporting the Client: What NOT to Say and What TO Say Facilitating Recovery from CSA Intimate Partner and Domestic Violence: Understanding the Dynamics IPV and Marginalized Populations Covert IPV Cycle of Abuse in IPV/DV Therapist Role in IPV Safety Planning and Reducing Risk #MeToo Movement and Sexual Harassment Men and Gender-Based Violence TGNC People and Gender-Based Violence Therapists and Vicarious Trauma Conclusion Case Study Discussion Questions References Chapter 12: Gender Affirmative Interventions: Theory and Practice Considerations Competencies and Gender APA Professional Practice Guidelines and Gender Guidelines for Boys and Men Guidelines for Girls and Women Guidelines for TGNC People Resistance and Liberation in Counseling Feminist Therapy Relational Cultural Therapy Womanist Therapy Positive Psychology/Positive Masculinity TGNC Affirmative Therapy TGNC Letter Writing Conclusion References Index