Cosmological Aspects of X-Ray Clusters of Galaxies (Nato Science Series C: Book 441)

The NATO Advanced Study Institute "Cosmological Aspects of X-Ray Clus­ ters of Galaxies" took place in Vel en , Westphalia, Germany, from June 6 to June 18, 1993. It addressed the fruitful union of two topics, cosmology and X-ray clus­ ters, both of which carry substantial scientific weight at the beginning of the last decenium of the last century in the second millenium of our era. The so far largest X-ray "All-Sky Survey", observed by the ROSAT X-ray satel­ lite, and ROSAT's deep pointed observations, have considerably enlarged the base of X-ray astronomy, particularly concerning extragalactic sources. Cosmology has gained significant impetus from the large optical direct and spectroscopic surveys, based on high quality 2-dimensional receivers at large telescopes and powerful scan­ ning devices, harvesting the full information 1 content from the older technique of employing photographic plates. Radioastronomy and IR-astronomy with IRAS, as well as r-astronomy with GRO, continue and strengthen the role of extragalactic research. The rapidly growing computer power in data reduction and data storage facilities support the evolution towards large-number statistics. A most significant push was given to early cosmology by the needs of physics in trying to unravel the nature of forces which govern our material world. The topic of the ASI was chosen because it opens new vistas on this for ever new problem: the universe. Clusters of galaxies probe large-scale matter distributions and the structure of space-time. Front Matter....Pages i-xv ROSAT Three Years in Orbit....Pages 1-2 X-Ray Emission from Clusters of Galaxies....Pages 3-7 The First Decade of X-Ray Astronomy — A Personal View....Pages 9-18 Galaxy Environment and Clusters of Galaxies....Pages 19-38 X-Ray Imaging Observations of Clusters of Galaxies....Pages 39-59 X-Ray Studies of Compact Galaxy Groups....Pages 61-72 Combined X-Ray/Radio/Optical Observations of ROSAT Clusters of Galaxies....Pages 73-77 ROSAT Detections at High Redshift....Pages 79-86 X-Ray Emission from a Complete Sample of Abell Clusters of Galaxies....Pages 87-91 Substructure in ABCG 2256: Wavelet Analysis of ROSAT Image....Pages 93-94 Pointed ROSAT Observations of Clusters of Galaxies....Pages 95-105 Dark Matter Distribution in X-Ray Clusters of Galaxies....Pages 107-111 X-Ray Emission from a Simulated Cluster of Galaxies....Pages 113-117 Luminosity Segregation in cD Clusters and Relevant Implications....Pages 119-121 The Masses of Clusters of Galaxies....Pages 123-138 The Mass Distribution(s) in Clusters of Galaxies....Pages 139-150 A Model-Independent Method to Determine the Mass of Clusters of Galaxies....Pages 151-154 Simulating the Dynamics of the Virgo Cluster....Pages 155-157 ROSAT Observation of Abell 1795: Temperature Profile — Gravitating, Gas and Galaxy Mass Distribution — Cooling Flow....Pages 159-162 Cluster Cooling Flows....Pages 163-182 The Optical Properties of Central Cluster Galaxies in Cooling Flows....Pages 183-188 2-D Numerical Simulations of Hot Gas Deposition in Cooling Flows....Pages 189-196 X-Ray Spectroscopy of Galaxy Clusters....Pages 197-218 Cluster Lenses and Dark Matter Distribution in Clusters of Galaxies....Pages 219-240 Using Gravitational Lensing to Test the Pressure-Supported Hot Intracluster Gas Hypothesis in A2218....Pages 241-246 Pronaos-SPM: A Balloon-Borne Experiment Well Adapted to Measure the Short Wavelength Part of the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect....Pages 247-250 Formation and Evolution of Clusters as Dynamical Structures....Pages 251-268 Constraint on Galaxy Formation Theories from X-Ray Clusters....Pages 269-278 Evolution of the X-Ray Properties of Clusters of Galaxies....Pages 279-287 The Structure and Evolution of Clusters....Pages 289-292 Galaxy Formation in Galaxy Clusters: A Phenomenological Approach....Pages 293-298 X-ray Clusters in the Sculptor Supercluster....Pages 299-302 Constraints on Models of Large-Scale Structure Formation....Pages 303-306 A2163: An Exceptionally Hot Cluster of Galaxies....Pages 307-312 X-Ray Clusters in the CDM Cosmogony....Pages 313-322 So Many Galaxies, So Little Time....Pages 323-338 A Census of Optically-Selected Clusters....Pages 339-347 The Spatial Correlation Function of Galaxy Clusters: Optical to X-Ray....Pages 349-361 A Search for Galaxy Alignment in the Hercules Supercluster....Pages 363-365 A Redshift Survey of the Corona Borealis Supercluster....Pages 367-369 A Map with a Scale: The Las Campanas Redshift Survey....Pages 371-388 Large-Scale Structures from Low-Resolution Redshift Surveys....Pages 389-410 The Muenster Redshift Project....Pages 411-438 Inflation and the Origin of Large-Scale Potential Perturbations....Pages 439-451 Einstein Observatory Evidence for a Widespread Baryon Overdensity in Clusters of Galaxies....Pages 453-460 Evidence for High Ω from Large Scale Structure....Pages 461-480 X-Ray Clusters : Constraints on Cosmological Parameters....Pages 481-485 Cosmological Implications of the Distribution of Quasar Forest Lines....Pages 487-491 Back Matter....Pages 493-503 The presentations of this NATO Advanced Study Institute center around X-ray clusters of galaxies and their role in understanding the structure and evolution of the universe. Reminiscences of the beginning of the extra-solar X-ray astronomy some 30 years ago, of subsequent X-ray satellites which, among other discoveries, found galaxy clusters to be an important new class of intrinsically bright X-ray sources, and highlights from the most recent All Sky Survey by ROSAT serve as an introduction. The topics range from X-ray clusters and cluster environments to cluster masses and dynamics, cooling flows and chemical abundances, cluster lensing and the Sunyaev--Sel'dovich effect, cluster formation and evolution to large scale structure in the universe and cosmological parameters. The reviews, introducing the various topics, generally conclude with presentations of current and future work and are frequently followed by shorter research notes pertaining to ongoing projects. More than 200 figures illustrate the discussions, more than 20 tables and many quotations in the text provide numerical data for almost 100 clusters of galaxies and give new estimates for the cosmological parameters. Together with a good sample of equations, they constitute a useful collection of empirical and theoretical quantities and relations in extragalactic X-ray astronomy and cosmology.