Cosmic Update [recurso electrónico] : Dark Puzzles. Arrow of Time. Future History

"...The Multiversal book series is equally unique, providing book-length extensions of the lectures with enough additional depth for those who truly want to explore these fields, while also providing the kind of clarity that is appropriate for interested lay people to grasp the general principles involved." - Lawrence M. Krauss Cosmic Update Covers: * A novel approach to uncover the dark faces of the Standard Model of cosmology. * The possibility that Dark Energy and Dark Matter are manifestations of the inhomogeneous geometry of our Universe. * On the history of cosmological model building and the general architecture of cosmological modes. * Illustrations on the Large Scale Structure of the Universe. * A new perspective on the classical static Einstein Cosmos. * Global properties of World Models including their Topology. * The Arrow of Time in a Universe with a Positive Cosmological Constant. * Exploring the consequences of a fundamental Cosmological Constant for our Universe. * Exploring why the current observed acceleration of the Universe may not be its final destiny. * Demonstrating that nature forbids the existence of a pure Cosmological Constant. * Our current understanding of the long term (in time scales that greatly exceed the current age of the Universe) future of the Universe. * The long term fate and eventual destruction of the astrophysical objects that populate the universe -- including clusters, galaxies, stars, planets, and black holes. The material is presented in a layperson-friendly language followed by addition technical sections that explain the basic equations and principles. This feature is very attractive to readers who want to learn more about the theories involved beyond the basic description. "Multiversal Journeys^TM^ is a trademark of Farzad Nekoogar and Multiversal Journeys, a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization." Cover 1 Multiversal Journeys 3 Cosmic Update 4 ISBN 9781441982933 5 Preface 8 Contents 12 Chapter 1 Dark Energy and Dark Matter Hidden in the Geometry of Space?: The Dawn of a New Paradigm in Cosmology 14 1.1 The Dawn of the Standard Paradigm of Cosmology 14 1.1.1 First Serious Encounter of Theoretical Cosmology with Observations 16 1.1.2 Einstein's Cosmos: A Model That Has Been Abandoned 16 1.1.3 Eddington and Lemaître: A Spherical Finite Space or a Flat Infinite Space? 18 1.2 The Invisible Universe: An Old Model with a Modern Dark Face 19 1.2.1 The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe 20 1.2.2 The Construction of a Galaxy Map 20 1.2.3 The Dark Sectors of the Standard Model 22 1.3 A Serious Problem with the Standard Model 25 1.3.1 Is Einstein's Theory of Gravitation Wrong? 26 1.3.2 The Architecture of Current Structure Formation Models 26 1.3.3 Why Is the Standard Model Too Simple? 28 1.4 A New Cosmological Model 30 1.4.1 Back to the Roots: Einstein's Theory of General Relativity 30 1.4.2 Construction of a Model That Does the Average Over Structure 31 1.4.3 Curvature of Space: An Important Player Is Rediscovered 31 1.5 Dark Energy and Dark Matter: Are They Hidden in the Geometry of Space? 34 1.5.1 The Acceleration of the Volume Expansion of Space 35 1.5.2 An Expanding and Curved Space Emerging from an Empty Universe: A ``Gedanken Experiment'' 36 1.5.3 Difficulties of the New Paradigm 38 1.6 Construction Principles for a Cosmological Model 39 1.6.1 A Strong and a Weak Version of the Cosmological Principle 40 1.6.2 What Einstein Wanted 41 1.6.3 A Universe That Looks Like a ``Multiverse'' 42 1.6.4 How Einstein Argued That the World Cannot Be Flat? 42 1.6.5 A Matter of Principle 44 1.7 The Global Shape of the Universe 45 1.7.1 Topology as a Key-Discipline of Cosmology 46 1.7.2 Can We, in Principle, Determine the Topology of Our Universe? 47 1.7.3 Topology of the Cosmic Microwave Background 48 1.7.4 The Search for ``Matching Circles'' 49 1.8 Appendix: The Equations Behind the Words 51 1.8.1 The Standard Model of Cosmology 51 1.8.2 Averaged Cosmological Equations 52 1.8.3 Discussion of the New ``Backreaction Terms'' 54 1.8.4 A Compact Form of the New Cosmological Equations 55 1.8.5 The Morphon: An Effective Scalar Field 56 1.8.6 The Equations in the Vacuum 57 1.8.7 Mimicking Dark Energy and Dark Matter 58 1.8.8 Einstein's Favorite Model: A Static Cosmos 60 1.8.9 Einstein's Idea in Light of the New Cosmological Equations 60 Chapter 2 The Arrow of Time In a Universe with a Positive Cosmological Constant Λ 64 2.1 The Problem with the Thermodynamic Arrow of Time in DeSitter Spaces 68 2.1.1 Big Crunch Through Recoherence or a New Exclusion Principle? 70 2.1.2 What Have We Learned? 76 2.2 Comments 77 2.3 Appendix 78 Chapter 3 The Future History of the Universe 84 3.1 Introduction 84 3.1.1 Overview: Physics and Astronomy 84 3.1.2 Copernican Time Principle 84 3.2 The Future of the Cosmos as a Whole 85 3.2.1 Possible Future Expansion Histories 85 3.2.2 Large Scale Structures 86 3.2.3 Return to a Steady State Universe 88 3.2.4 Future Phase Transitions 90 3.2.5 Heat Death 91 3.2.6 The Big Rip? 93 3.3 The Future of Galaxies 94 3.3.1 Cosmic Isolation 94 3.3.2 Collisions Within Clusters 95 3.3.3 The End of Star Formation 96 3.3.4 Power Output of Galaxies 97 3.3.5 Evaporation of Galactic Disks 98 3.3.6 Demise of Galactic Halos 99 3.4 The Future of Stars 99 3.4.1 The Red Giant Sun 100 3.4.2 Planet Scattering 101 3.4.3 Future Evolution of Red Dwarfs 102 3.4.4 Inventory of Degenerate Objects 103 3.4.5 White Dwarfs Capture Dark Matter 106 3.4.6 When Degenerates Collide 107 3.4.7 Proton Decay in Degenerate Stars 108 3.5 The Future of Planets 110 3.5.1 Death by Red Giants 111 3.5.2 Destruction by Supernovae 112 3.5.3 Long Term Fate of Planets 112 3.6 Black Holes 113 3.6.1 Inventory of Black Holes 114 3.6.2 Hawking Radiation 115 3.7 Summary 116 3.7.1 Five Ages of the Universe 116 3.7.2 Forever Is a Long Time 118 3.7.3 Our Place in Time 119 Appendix A The Return of a Static Universe and the End of Cosmology 132 A.1 The Disappearance of the Hubble Expansion 133 A.2 Vanishing CMB 134 A.3 General Relativity Gives No Assistance 135 A.4 Polluted Elemental Abundances 135 A.5 Conclusion 136 References 137 Glossary 138 About the Authors 144 Index 148 1441982930,9781441982933 Springer 2011 "...The Multiversal book series is equally unique, providing book-length extensions of the lectures with enough additional depth for those who truly want to explore these fields, while also providing the kind of clarity that is appropriate for interested lay people to grasp the general principles involved." - Lawrence M. Krauss Cosmic Update Covers: A novel approach to uncover the dark faces of the Standard Model of cosmology. The possibility that Dark Energy and Dark Matter are manifestations of the inhomogeneous geometry of our Universe. On the history of cosmological model building and the general architecture of cosmological modes. Illustrations on the Large Scale Structure of the Universe. A new perspective on the classical static Einstein Cosmos. Global properties of World Models including their Topology. The Arrow of Time in a Universe with a Positive Cosmological Constant. Exploring the consequences of a fundamental Cosmological Constant for our Universe. Exploring why the current observed acceleration of the Universe may not be its final destiny. Demonstrating that nature forbids the existence of a pure Cosmological Constant. Our current understanding of the long term (in time scales that greatly exceed the current age of the Universe) future of the Universe. The long term fate and eventual destruction of the astrophysical objects that populate the universe -- including clusters, galaxies, stars, planets, and black holes. The material is presented in a layperson-friendly language followed by addition technical sections that explain the basic equations and principles. This feature is very attractive to readers who want to learn more about the theories involved beyond the basic description. "Multiversal Journeys TM is a trademark of Farzad Nekoogar and Multiversal Journeys, a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization." " ... The Multiversal book series is equally unique, providing book-length extensions of the lectures with enough additional depth for those who truly want to explore these fields, while also providing the¡kind of clarity that is appropriate for interested lay people to grasp the general principles involved."--Lawrence M. Krauss Cosmic Update covers: A novel approach to uncover the dark faces of the Standard Model of cosmology. The possibility that Dark Energy and Dark Matter are manifestations of the inhomogeneous geometry of our Universe. The history of cosmological model building and the general architecture of cosmological models. Illustrations of the Large Scale Structure of the Universe. A new perspective on the classical static Einstein Cosmos. Global properties of World Models including their Topology. The Arrow of Time in a Universe with a Positive Cosmological Constant. The exploration of the consequences of a fundamental Cosmological Constant for our Universe. The exploration of¡why the current observed acceleration of the Universe may not be its final destiny. A demonstration that nature forbids the existence of a pure Cosmological Constant. Our current understanding of the long term (in time scales that greatly exceed the current age of the Universe) future of the Universe. The long term fate and eventual destruction of the astrophysical objects that populate the universe --¡including clusters, galaxies, stars, planets, and black holes. The material is presented in a layperson-friendly language followed by additional technical sections which explain¡basic equations and principles. This feature is very attractive to readers who want to learn more about the theories involved beyond the basic description. Multiversal Journeys"!is a trademark of Farzad Nekoogar and Multiversal Journeys, a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization " ... The Multiversal book series is equally unique, providing book-length extensions of the lectures with enough additional depth for those who truly want to explore these fields, while also providing the kind of clarity that is appropriate for interested lay people to grasp the general principles involved."--Lawrence M. Krauss Cosmic Update covers: A novel approach to uncover the dark faces of the Standard Model of cosmology. The possibility that Dark Energy and Dark Matter are manifestations of the inhomogeneous geometry of our Universe. The history of cosmological model building and the general architecture of cosmological models. Illustrations of the Large Scale Structure of the Universe. A new perspective on the classical static Einstein Cosmos. Global properties of World Models including their Topology. The Arrow of Time in a Universe with a Positive Cosmological Constant. The exploration of the consequences of a fundamental Cosmological Constant for our Universe. The exploration of why the current observed acceleration of the Universe may not be its final destiny. A demonstration that nature forbids the existence of a pure Cosmological Constant. Our current understanding of the long term (in time scales that greatly exceed the current age of the Universe) future of the Universe. The long term fate and eventual destruction of the astrophysical objects that populate the universe -- including clusters, galaxies, stars, planets, and black holes. The material is presented in a layperson-friendly language followed by additional technical sections which explain basic equations and principles. This feature is very attractive to readers who want to learn more about the theories involved beyond the basic description. Multiversal Journeys"!is a trademark of Farzad Nekoogar and Multiversal Journeys, a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization Front Matter....Pages i-xi Dark Energy and Dark Matter Hidden in the Geometry of Space?....Pages 1-50 The Arrow of Time In a Universe with a Positive Cosmological Constant Λ....Pages 51-69 The Future History of the Universe....Pages 71-118 Back Matter....Pages 119-138 Progress in precision cosmology has complicated our view of the universe, which now features anomalies such as 'dark energy' and the sheer improbability of the preconditions for the Big Bang. This book explores the subject in the context of quantum gravity.