Corrosion in drinking water pipes: The importance of green rusts

Complex crystallographic composition of the corrosion products is studied by diffraction methods and results obtained after different pre-treatment of samples are compared. The green rusts are found to be much more abundant in corrosion scales than it has been assumed so far. The characteristic and crystallographic composition of corrosion scales and deposits suspended in steady waters were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The necessity of the examination of corrosion products in the wet conditions is indicated. The drying of the samples before analysis is shown to substantially change the crystallographic phases originally present in corrosion products. On sample drying the unstable green rusts is converted into more stable phases such as goethite and lepidocrocite, while the content of magnetite and siderite decreases. Three types of green rusts in wet materials sampled from tubercles are identified. Unexpectedly, in almost all corrosion scale samples significant amounts of the least stable green rust in chloride form was detected. Analysis of corrosion products suspended in steady water, which remained between tubercles and possibly in their interiors, revealed complex crystallographic composition of the sampled material. Goethite, lepidocrocite and magnetite as well as low amounts of siderite and quartz were present in all samples. Six different forms of green rusts were identified in the deposits separated from steady waters and the most abundant was carbonate green rust GR(CO(3)(2-))(I). IFC_IFC......Page 1 1 Introduction......Page 2 2.1 Sample collection......Page 3 2.2 X-ray diffraction (XRD)......Page 4 2.7 TEM......Page 5 3.2 XRD analysis of corrosion scales......Page 6 4 Conclusions......Page 9 References......Page 10 11_20......Page 12 1 Introduction......Page 228 1 Introduction......Page 54 2.1 Long term operation......Page 138 2.1 Microcosm setup and sampling......Page 14 2.6 PCR-DGGE and sequence analysis......Page 250 3.1 Effects of bromide/iodide concentrations and pH......Page 15 4.3 Post-RO water......Page 16 3.3.1 Br−/I− concentrations......Page 17 3.3.2 Br−/I− ratio......Page 18 References......Page 204 References......Page 126 References......Page 20 Multi-cycle bioregeneration of spent perchlorate-containing macroporous selective anion-exchange resin......Page 22 1 Introduction......Page 237 2.1 Study sites......Page 23 2.3 Analytical methods......Page 198 2.5 Resin bioregeneration......Page 25 3.2 Reactor performance during one cycle of operation......Page 26 3.1 Properties of ferromagnetic nanomaterials......Page 27 3.2 Al species distributions of MPACl2.0s and PACl2.0......Page 131 3.2 Resin bioregeneration......Page 28 3.3 Capacity loss evaluation......Page 29 4 Discussion......Page 31 References......Page 32 1 Introduction......Page 34 2 Materials and methods......Page 35 2.2 Operational conditions......Page 45 2.2 PCR and sequencing......Page 36 3 Results and discussion......Page 37 3.1.2 Effects of pH and concentration on the membrane rejection for a single mono-valent salt......Page 38 3.1.3 Effect of multi valent salts on membrane rejection......Page 39 3.2 Colour removal from wastewaters......Page 40 3.2.1 Value added recovery: feasibility for reuse of the dye......Page 41 4 Discussion......Page 42 1 Introduction......Page 44 Reverse osmosis concentrate treatment via a PAC-MF accumulative countercurrent adsorption process......Page 74 2.3 Methodology......Page 209 2.4 Determination of sludge characteristics and filtration parameters......Page 46 3.1 Characterization of CMC-g-PAM......Page 76 3.2 Organic matter degradation and CE......Page 47 3.3 Community analysis......Page 48 References......Page 51 2.4.2 SA degradation of the acclimatized culture at different initial SA concentrations and different aeration rates......Page 147 2.4 27Al MAS NMR......Page 56 3.1.1 Acid–base properties of PAClAl30......Page 57 3.1 Decay dynamic of host specific Bacteroidales markers DNA/RNA and E. coli in the microcosms......Page 251 2.2 Methods......Page 155 2.4 Data analysis......Page 86 3.1.3 Al floc analysis with 27Al NMR......Page 58 3.2.2 The effect of coagulant dosage in water applications......Page 59 3.3 Field validation......Page 61 Appendix Supplementary material......Page 62 Aerobic degradation of sulfanilic acid using activated sludge......Page 64 What are the costs and benefits of biodiversity recovery in a highly polluted estuary?......Page 116 2.1 Products, experimental set-up and procedure......Page 65 3.2.1 Membrane fouling at different filtration modes......Page 67 3.2 Identification of major foulants......Page 200 3.2.3.1 Continuous vs. intermittent vibration......Page 68 3.3.1 Effect of operation flux on membrane fouling......Page 69 3.4.1 Long-term filtration......Page 70 3.4.2 Multiple membrane operation and energy consumption......Page 71 4 Results and discussion......Page 72 References......Page 73 2.1 Isolation and culture conditions......Page 169 2.2 Preparation of the ferromagnetic nanoparticles......Page 129 2.2 Jar tests......Page 75 2.2 Experimental study in water transmission and distribution systems......Page 239 3.3.1 Contribution of KMnO4 oxidation......Page 77 3.2.2 Dissolved oxygen......Page 231 3.4 Proposed mechanisms involved in the removal of M. aeruginosa by KMnO4–Fe(II) process......Page 80 Appendix Supplementary data......Page 81 High diversity and differential persistence of fecal Bacteroidales population spiked into freshwater microcosm......Page 83 2 Experimental......Page 84 2.2.3 High resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR LC-MS)......Page 85 3.2 Determination of toxin content by HR LC-MS......Page 87 3.3 Haemolytic assay......Page 88 3.4 Artemia sp. assay......Page 89 4.1 Growth and cell size pattern......Page 90 4 Discussion......Page 184 4.4 Toxicity for crustacean and fish......Page 91 References......Page 175 References......Page 92 Recycled water: Potential health risks from volatile organic compounds and use of 1,4-dichlorobenzene as treatment performa .........Page 94 2 Regulatory framework......Page 95 3 Methods......Page 96 4.1 Secondary treated effluent (STE)......Page 97 4.2 Post-MF water......Page 100 4.4 Model assessment......Page 124 4.5 Screening health risk assessment......Page 101 References......Page 144 5.2 VOC concentrations in groundwater......Page 103 3.3 Operational water distribution system – Case Study 2......Page 104 5.5 Identification of treatment performance Indicator......Page 105 References......Page 106 Evaluation of the flocculation performance of carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamide, a novel amphoteric chemically bo .........Page 108 2.2 Preparation of CMC-g-PAM......Page 109 2.4.3 Determination of fractal dimension......Page 110 4.1 Standard curve of ABC-PCR assay......Page 111 4.2 The number of 18S rRNA molecules in a Cryptosporidium oocyst......Page 113 4 Conclusion......Page 114 5 Conclusions......Page 125 References......Page 234 3 Results and data analysis......Page 118 3.2 Measurements......Page 119 3.3 Calculation of predicted and inferred resuspension rates......Page 120 4.1 Concentrations, critical stresses, and resuspension rates......Page 121 4.2 Predicting resuspension......Page 122 3.2.1 Experiments at pH 3......Page 160 1 Introduction......Page 128 2.7 Floc characterization......Page 130 3.3 Coagulation performances of MPACl2.0s and PACl2.0 with different dosages......Page 132 3.4.2 Floc formation, breakage and regrowth......Page 133 3.5 Mechanisms of nanoscale magnetic coagulants......Page 134 4 Discussion and conclusions......Page 246 Acknowledgments......Page 135 References......Page 152 1 Introduction......Page 137 2.2 Cycle operation......Page 139 2.4 Microelectrode measurements and data analysis......Page 140 3 Results and discussion......Page 141 3.4 Biomass yields......Page 142 1 Introduction......Page 146 3.1 SA biodegradation kinetics of the aerobically enriched activated sludge......Page 148 3.3 Oxygen consumption by the enriched SA-degrading culture......Page 149 3.4 Close to complete SA mineralization by the acclimatized mixed culture......Page 150 4 Conclusions......Page 151 TiO2 and Fe (III) photocatalytic ozonation processes of a mixture of emergent contaminants of water......Page 153 3.1.2 Experiments at pH 6.5......Page 158 3.2.2 Experiments at pH 6.5......Page 162 3.3 Kinetic aspects......Page 163 3.3.1 Kinetics of initial organics removal......Page 164 4 Conclusions......Page 165 References......Page 194 References......Page 166 Quantitative detection of Cryptosporidium oocyst in water source based on 18S rRNA by alternately binding probe competitive .........Page 168 2.6 Effects of the biomass concentration on boron removal......Page 170 3.1 Costs......Page 210 2.7 Analytical methods......Page 171 3.2 Operational water transmission system – Case Study 1......Page 243 4 Conclusions......Page 174 1 Introduction......Page 177 2 Materials and methods......Page 178 2.2.2 Chloride (Cl−)......Page 179 3.1 Kinetics and isotherm parameters......Page 221 3.1.1 Theoretical and Thackston model-based residence time......Page 180 3.1.4 E. coli tracer test......Page 181 3.2 Pond characteristics, fecal indicator bacteria, and pathogens......Page 182 Acknowledgments......Page 186 1 Introduction......Page 188 3.2 RNA extraction and reverse transcription......Page 189 2.1 Sediment biofilm preparation......Page 197 3.4 ABC-PCR assay......Page 190 2.7 XAFS measurement and data analysis......Page 191 4.3 Quantification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples by ABC-RT-PCR assay......Page 192 1 Introduction......Page 196 3.1 Flux patterns during FO......Page 199 3.3 Salt and foulant rejection......Page 203 205_217......Page 206 2.2 Databases......Page 207 2.6 Scanning electron microscopy......Page 230 4 Discussion......Page 214 5 Conclusions......Page 215 Appendix Supplementary material......Page 216 218_226......Page 219 2.1 Materials and analysis......Page 220 3.3 Desorption of loaded PAC......Page 222 3.4 Predicting PAC-MF accumulative countercurrent two-stage adsorption......Page 223 3.5 Amendment of the prediction method......Page 224 Acknowledgments......Page 226 2.3 Microelectrodes......Page 229 3.3 Effects of uranium on biogeochemical microenvironments......Page 232 3.5 Practical implications of microenvironments in sediment biofilms......Page 233 4.1 DNA vs RNA......Page 253 In-pipe water quality monitoring in water supply systems under steady and unsteady state flow conditions: A quantitative as .........Page 236 2.1.1 Testing procedure......Page 238 3.1 Controlled laboratory tests......Page 241 3.1.3 Free and total chlorine......Page 242 3.2.2 Unsteady-state flow conditions......Page 244 References......Page 247 1 Introduction......Page 248 2 Materials and methods......Page 249 3.2 DGGE analysis of the Bacteroidales DNA and RNA in the microcosms......Page 252 4.3 Decay curve analysis......Page 255 5 Conclusion......Page 256 References......Page 257