Coronaviruses and their Diseases (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 276)

Interest in the coronaviruses has never been greater. Their economic impact is considerable as they infect humans, livestock, poultry and companion animals. Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) infection of the mouse and rat central nervous systems are the subject of intense study; these investigations are providing insights into the potential role of viruses in human neurological diseases and, more generally, into mechanisms causing neurological damage. The single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes of two species of these enveloped viruses (IBV and MHV) have been cloned completely and one of them (lBV) sequenced in its entirety, revealing a genome size of some 27000 nucleotides. This has made possible more incisive investigations into the nature of those polypeptides, encoded by more than half of the genome, which are likely to contribute, in the main, to RNA polymerase/replicase activity. Intriguingly, ribosomal frameshifting is exhibited within the mRNA coding for these polypeptides. The cloning/sequencing phase of coronavirology for which the 1980's will be partly remembered, has provided a sound framework for furthex: studies of the virus structural proteins and also some provocative insights relevant to these studies. The large spike glycoprotein(s), responsible for membrane fusion and bearing important antigenic sites, varies amazingly in length and composition both within as well as between coronavirus species. Receptors on host cells have been identified. The integral membrane glycoprotein (M) has been shown to use internal hydrophobic sequences to direct translocation within membranes. Front Matter....Pages i-xv Revised Nomenclature for Coronavirus Structural Proteins, mRNAs and Genes....Pages 1-2 Front Matter....Pages 3-3 Background Paper Functions of Coronavirus Glycoproteins....Pages 5-7 Biosynthesis and Function of the Coronavirus Spike Protein....Pages 9-19 Functional Analysis of the Coronavirus MHV-JHM Surface Glycoproteins in Vaccinia Virus Recombinants....Pages 21-31 Role of pH in Syncytium Induction and Genome Uncoating of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus (IBV)....Pages 33-36 Is the 110K Glycoprotein the Only Receptor for MHV and Does Its Expression Determine Species Specificity?....Pages 37-44 MHV-Resistant SJL/J Mice Express a Non-Functional Homolog to the MHV Receptor Glycoprotein....Pages 45-50 Fc Receptor-Like Activity of Mouse Hepatitis Virus E2 Glycoprotein....Pages 51-58 Mouse Fibroblast Mutants Selected for Survival Against Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection Show Increased Resistance to Infection and Virus-Induced Cell Fusion....Pages 59-66 On the Membrane Cytopathology of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection as Probed by a Semi-Permeable Translation-Inhibiting Drug....Pages 67-72 Molecular Characterization of the 229E Strain of Human Coronavirus....Pages 73-80 Sequence Analysis of the 3′ End (8740 Nucleotides) of BECV Genome; Comparison with Homologous MHV Nucleotide Sequence....Pages 81-88 Front Matter....Pages 89-89 Background Paper Coronavirus M and HE: Two Peculiar Glycoproteins....Pages 91-94 Structure and Expression of the Bovine Coronavirus Hemagglutinin Protein....Pages 95-102 The Haemagglutinin of Bovine Coronavirus Exhibits Significant Similarity to the Haemagglutinin of Type C Influenza Virus....Pages 103-108 Isolation and Characterization of the Acetylesterase of Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus (HEV)....Pages 109-113 Differential Reactivity of Bovine Coronavirus (BCV) and Influenza C Virus with N-Acetyl-9-O-Acetylneuraminic Acid (NEU5,9AC 2 )-Containing Receptors....Pages 115-119 Expression of the Porcine Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus M Protein....Pages 121-126 Expression of MHV-A59 M Glycoprotein: Effects of Deletions on Membrane Integration and Intracellular Transport....Pages 127-135 Front Matter....Pages 137-137 Background Paper Mapping Epitopes on Coronavirus Glycoproteins....Pages 139-142 Front Matter....Pages 137-137 Binding of Antibodies that Strongly Neutralise Infectious Bronchitis Virus is Dependent on the Glycosylation of the Viral Peplomer Protein....Pages 143-150 Enteric Coronavirus TGEV: Mapping of Four Major Antigenic Determinants in the Amino Half of Peplomer Protein E 2....Pages 151-157 Location of Antigenic Sites of the S-Glycoprotein of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and their Conservation in Coronaviruses....Pages 159-172 Topological and Functional Analysis of Epitopes on the S(E2) and HE(E3) Glycoproteins of Bovine Enteric Coronavirus....Pages 173-179 Linear Neutralizing Epitopes on the Peplomer Protein of Coronaviruses....Pages 181-188 The Nucleocapsid Protein of IBV Comprises Immunodominant Determinants Recognized by T-Cells....Pages 189-197 Front Matter....Pages 199-199 Background Paper Progress Towards a Coronavirus Recombinant DNA Vaccine....Pages 201-203 Protection of Mice from Lethal Coronavirus MHV-A59 Infection by Monoclonal Affinity-Purified Spike Glycoprotein....Pages 205-210 Expression of the Spike Protein of Murine Coronavirus JHM Using a Baculovirus Vector....Pages 211-216 Immunogenicity of Recombinant Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Spike Protein in Mice and Kittens....Pages 217-222 Expression of TGEV Structural Genes in Virus Vectors....Pages 223-232 Front Matter....Pages 233-233 Background Paper Functions of the Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein....Pages 235-238 Structure and Function Studies of the Nucleocapsid Protein of Mouse Hepatitis Virus....Pages 239-246 MHV Leader RNA Secondary Structure Affects Binding to the Nucleocapsid Protein....Pages 247-254 In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Demyelinating Disease: A Phosphoprotein Phosphatase in Host Cell Endosomes Dephosphorylating the Nucleocapsid Protein of Coronavirus JHM....Pages 255-260 In Vivo and in Vitro Models of Demyelinating Disease. Possible Relationship between Induction of Regulatory Subunit from cAMP Dependent Protein Kinases and Inhibition of JHMV Replication in Cultured Oligodendrocytes....Pages 261-266 Front Matter....Pages 267-267 A Ribosomal Frameshift Signal in the Polymerase-Encoding Region of the IBV Genome....Pages 269-273 Products of the Polymerase-Encoding Region of the Coronavirus IBV....Pages 275-281 Murine Coronavirus Gene 1 Polyprotein Contains an Autoproteolytic Activity....Pages 283-289 Detection of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Nonstructural Proteins Using Antisera Directed Against Bacterial Viral Fusion Proteins....Pages 291-299 Front Matter....Pages 267-267 Nucleotide Sequence of the E2-Peplomer Protein Gene and Partial Nucleotide Sequence of the Upstream Polymerase Gene of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (Miller Strain)....Pages 301-306 The Polymerase Gene of Corona- and Toroviruses: Evidence for an Evolutionary Relationship....Pages 307-316 Characterization of the MHV-JHM Non-Structural Protein Encoded by mRNA 2....Pages 317-324 Front Matter....Pages 325-325 Background Paper Transcription and Replication of Coronavirus RNA: A 1989 Update....Pages 327-333 Coronavirus Subgenomic Replicons as a Mechanism for mRNA Amplification....Pages 335-340 Studies of Coronavirus DI RNA Replication Using In Vitro Constructed DI cDNA Clones....Pages 341-347 Murine Coronavirus Temperature Sensitive Mutants....Pages 349-356 Genomic Organisation of a Virulent Isolate of Porcine Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus....Pages 357-364 Front Matter....Pages 365-365 Background Paper Aspects of Coronavirus Evolution....Pages 367-368 Molecular Basis of the Variation Exhibited by Avian Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus (IBV)....Pages 369-372 Sequence Comparisons of the 3′ End of the Genomes of Five Strains of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus....Pages 373-377 Selection of Variants of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Showing Tropism for Different Organs....Pages 379-384 Monoclonal Antibody-Selected Variants of MHV-4 Contain Substitutions and Deletions in the E2 Spike Glycoprotein....Pages 385-393 RNA Sequence Analysis of the E2 Genes of Wildtype and Neuroattenuated Mutants of MHV-4 Reveals a Hypervariable Domain....Pages 395-402 Characterization of Attenuated Mutants of MHV3 : Importance of the E2 Protein in Organ Tropism and Infection of Isolated Liver Cells....Pages 403-410 Murine Hepatitis Virus JHM Variants Isolated from Wistar Furth Rats with Viral-Induced Neurological Disease....Pages 411-416 Front Matter....Pages 417-417 Background Paper The Appearance of the Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus has Created New Problems and Perspectives....Pages 419-420 Induction of Milk IgA Antibodies by Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus Infection....Pages 421-428 Sites of Replication of a Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus in 5-Week-Old Pigs with or without Maternal Antibodies....Pages 429-433 Infection with a New Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus in Denmark: Serologic Differentiation from Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies....Pages 435-439 Front Matter....Pages 417-417 Molecular Aspects of the Relationship of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV) with Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV)....Pages 441-446 Front Matter....Pages 447-447 Characterization and Location of the Structural Polypeptides of Turkey Enteric Coronavirus Using Monoclonal Antibodies and Enzymatic Treatments....Pages 449-455 Evidence of Close Relatedness between Turkey and Bovine Coronaviruses....Pages 457-460 A Comparison of Bovine Coronavirus Strains Using Monoclonal Antibodies....Pages 461-466 Analysis of Different Probe-Labeling Systems for Detection by Hybridization of Bovine Coronavirus....Pages 467-472 Front Matter....Pages 473-473 Canine Coronavirus Infection in Cats; A Possible Role in Feline Infectious Peritonitis....Pages 475-479 Characterization of an Attenuated Temperature Sensitive Feline Infectious Peritonitis Vaccine Virus....Pages 481-489 Investigations into Resistance of Chicken Lines to Infection with Infectious Bronchitis Virus....Pages 491-496 Comparison of the Replication of Distinct Strains of Human Coronavirus OC43 in Organotypic Human Colon Cells (Caco-2) and Mouse Intestine....Pages 497-503 Detection of Coronavirus RNA in CNS Tissue of Multiple Sclerosis and Control Patients....Pages 505-510 Rabbit Dilated Cardiomyopathy....Pages 511-517 Retinopathy Following Intravitreal Injection of Mice with MHV Strain JHM....Pages 519-524 Reproductive Disorders in Female SHR Rats Infected with Sialodacryoadenitis Virus....Pages 525-532 Mechanism of Protective Effect of Prostaglandin E in Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain 3 Infection: Effects on Macrophage Production of Tumour Necrosis Factor, Procoagulant Activity and Leukotriene B4....Pages 533-542 Mouse Hepatitis Virus 3 Pathogenicity and B and T Lymphotropisms....Pages 543-552 Front Matter....Pages 553-553 Background Paper Advances in the Study of MHV Infection of Mice....Pages 555-556 T Cell-Mediated Clearance of JHMV from the Central Nervous System....Pages 557-563 Immunopathogenesis of Demyelination Induced by MHV-4....Pages 565-572 Localization of Virus and Antibody Response in Mice Infected Persistently with MHV-JHM....Pages 573-578 Regulation of MHC Class I and II Antigens on Cerebral Endothelial Cells and Astrocytes Following MHV-4 Infection....Pages 579-591 Front Matter....Pages 553-553 Mouse Hepatitis Virus A59 Increases Steady-State Levels of mRNAs Encoding Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigens....Pages 593-599 Vacuolar Degeneration Induced by JHM-CC Virus in the CNS of Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice....Pages 601-607 Vacuolar Encephalomyelopathy in Mice Induced by Intracerebral Inoculation with a Coronavirus JHM-CC Strain....Pages 609-615 Difference in Response of Susceptible Mouse Strains to a Small Plaque Mutant (JHM-CC) of Mouse Coronavirus....Pages 617-620 Front Matter....Pages 621-621 Background Paper On the Role of the Immune Response in the Course of Coronavirus JHM-Induced Encephalomyelitides in Mice and Rats....Pages 623-627 Quantitation, Phenotypic Characterization and In Situ Localization of Lymphoid Cells in the Brain Parenchyma of Rats with Differing Susceptibility to Coronavirus JHM-Induced Encephalomyelitis....Pages 629-635 Coronavirus Induced Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis in Rats: Immunopathological Aspects of Viral Persistency....Pages 637-645 Astrocytes as Antigen Presenting Cells for Primary and Secondary T Cell Responses: Effect of Astrocyte Infection by Murine Hepatitis Virus....Pages 647-654 Epigenetic Factors Influencing the Morphogenesis of Primary Neural Cell Cultures and the Concomitant Effects on Establishing JHMV Infections....Pages 655-667 Back Matter....Pages 669-676 The proceedings of the July 1989 Symposium are organized within 13 chapters: the spike (S) glycoprotein, the haemagglutinin-esterase (HE) and membrane (M) glycoproteins, B- and T-cell epitopes of the structural proteins, expression and immunogenicity of the structural proteins, the nucleocapsid (N) protein, the polymerase and other non- structural proteins, transcription and replication, aspects of coronavirus variation and evolution, porcine respiratory coronavirus, turkey and bovine coronaviruses, non-neurological diseases, neurological consequences of murine hepatitis virus infection of mice, and neurological consequences of murine hepatitis virus infection of rats