Corn and Coconut Oil: Antioxidant Properties, Uses and Health Benefits (Nutrition and Diet Research Progress)

Corn and coconut oils are important vegetable oils containing many valuable compounds necessary for life. These oils are known to have nutritional and valuable healthy qualities/properties, attributed mainly to fatty acid composition, tocols, carotenoids, polyphenols, etc. The antioxidant properties confer many health benefits, such as reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other diseases. Fatty acids and related metabolite derivatives from coconut and corn oils are known to have excellent antimicrobial properties as well. This book comprises different multi- and interdisciplinary approaches related to the production, chemical composition, quality and authentication, uses, antimicrobial properties, and health benefits of corn and coconut oils, described by important authors from all over the world. This book will be helpful for a wide range of readers, from university students to researchers. (Imprint: Nova) CORN AND COCONUT OIL ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES, USES AND HEALTH BENEFITS 3 CORN AND COCONUT OIL ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES, USES AND HEALTH BENEFITS 5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 6 CONTENTS 7 PREFACE 9 Chapter 1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CORN OIL 11 ABSTRACT 11 INTRODUCTION 12 GENERAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CORN OIL 12 FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF CORN OIL 13 TRIACYLGLYCEROLS FROM CORN OIL 18 PHOSPHOLIPIDS 19 PHYTOSTEROLS FROM CORN OIL 21 TOCOPHEROLS AND TOCOTRIENOLS 26 TERPENOIDS AND DERIVATIVES FROM CORN OIL 28 PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM CORN OIL 30 VOLATILE COMPOUNDS FROM CORN OIL 33 FUTURE TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES 34 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 34 REFERENCES 34 Chapter 2 BIOSYNTHESIS, ANALYSIS AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF TOCOLS AND CAROTENOIDS FROM CORN OIL 39 ABSTRACT 39 INTRODUCTION 39 BIOSYNTHESIS 41 Biosynthetic Pathway of Tocols 41 Biosynthesis of Carotenoids 43 ANALYSIS METHODS OF TOCOLS AND CAROTENOIDS 44 Analysis of Tocols 44 Analysis of Carotenoids 46 ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF TOCOLS AND CAROTENOIDS 48 General Aspects 48 Measuring Antioxidant Activity of Oils 49 CONCLUSION 51 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 52 REFERENCES 52 Chapter 3 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION OF CORN GERM OIL 63 ABSTRACT 63 NOMENCLATURE 64 INTRODUCTION 64 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION OF CORN GERM OIL 65 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURE 68 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF CORN GERM OIL 69 INFLUENCE OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE EXTRACTION YIELD 71 MODELLING OF THE SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION OF SOLIDS 74 QUALITY AND STABILITY OF CORN GERM OIL 78 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID FRACTIONATION 82 CONCLUSION 84 REFERENCES 85 Chapter 4 USES AND APPLICATIONS OF THE CORN OIL 89 ABSTRACT 89 INTRODUCTION 89 FOOD USES OF CORN OIL 90 Salad and Cooking Oils 91 Margarines and Spreads 91 Mayonnaise and Salad Dressings 92 BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK 92 Biodiesel Production 92 Reliability of Corn Oil as a Biodiesel Feedstock 94 Transesterification Kinetics 94 Cold Flow Temperatures 95 Kinematic Viscosity 95 Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics 96 A Valuable Co-product: Glycerol 96 Alternative Production Routes 97 OTHER USES 97 Polymerization 97 Paints-coatings and Corrosion Inhibition 97 Insulating Applications 98 CONCLUSION 98 REFERENCES 98 Chapter 5 CORN OIL AND AGING: INSIGHTS FROM BASIC RESEARCH 103 ABSTRACT 103 INTRODUCTION 103 RESULTS OF ANIMAL STUDIES 105 Aging Mice 105 Aging Rats 107 MECHANISMS 108 CONCLUSION 110 REFERENCES 110 Chapter 6 PRODUCTION METHODS AND COCONUT OIL QUALITY 113 ABSTRACT 113 INTRODUCTION 114 PROCESSING COCONUT KERNEL FOR OIL EXTRACTION 114 Dry Process 114 Sun Drying 115 Kiln Drying 116 Hot Air Drying 116 Desiccated Coconut 116 EXTRACTION OF COCONUT OIL 117 Pressing Copra 117 Solvent Extraction 117 Extraction of Coconut Oil by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 118 Wet Process 118 Wet Extraction by Boiling Coconut Milk 119 Centrifugation Process 119 Fermentation Process 119 Enzyme Assisted Extraction 120 QUALITY PARAMETERS OF COCONUT OILS 120 Color 120 Acid Value 121 Peroxide Value 122 Iodine Value 122 Saponification Value 123 Anisidine Value 123 Unsaponifiable Substances 124 COCONUT OIL QUALITY 124 Basic Quality Parameters and the Extraction Method 124 Enzymes in the Extraction of Coconut Oil 127 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in the Extraction of Coconut Oil 128 Distinguishing between Virgin Coconut Oil and RBD Coconut Oil 128 Coconut Hybrids and Coconut Oil Quality 129 Phenolic Substances and the Extraction Method 129 Identified Phenolic Substances 131 Vitamin E Contents 131 Antioxidant Capacities and Related Health Benefits 132 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 134 Aflatoxin Levels 135 CONCLUSION 136 REFERENCES 137 Chapter 7 QUALITY ANALYSES AND AUTHENTICATION OF COCONUT OIL 141 ABSTRACT 141 INTRODUCTION 142 METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MAIN CONSTITUENTS OF COCONUT OIL 142 Determination of Triacylglycerols 142 Determination of Fatty Acids 143 Determination of Sterols 144 Determination of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols 145 Determination of Volatile Compounds 146 Determination of Phenolic Compounds 146 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF COCONUT OIL CHARACTERISTICS 146 Determination of the Free Fatty Acids content 147 Iodine Value 147 Saponification Value 148 Refractive Index 149 Specific Gravity 149 Unsaponifiable Matter 149 Moisture and Impurities 149 Volatile Mater 150 Color 150 Peroxide Value 151 The Reichert Value 151 The Polenske Value 152 Melting Point 152 Other Physical Characteristics 152 SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COCONUT OIL 152 Trade Specifications 155 CLASSIFICATION OF COCONUT OILS 155 100% Pure Coconut Oil 156 Virgin Coconut Oil 156 RBD Coconut Oil 156 AUTHENTICATION AND ADULTERATION STUDIES ON VIRGIN COCONUT OIL 156 Refractometry 158 FTIR Spectroscopy 158 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 160 Electronic Nose 161 Fiber Optical Sensor 161 13C NMR Spectroscopy and 31P NMR Spectroscopy 162 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES 162 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 163 REFERENCES 163 Chapter 8 THE EFFECTS OF FATTY ACID DERIVATES FROM CORN AND COCONUT OILS ON MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY 169 ABSTRACT 169 INTRODUCTION 169 ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF VEGETABLE LIPIDS 171 Mechanism of Action 171 Antibacterial Activity 172 Antifungal Activity 175 Antiviral Activity 179 Anti-Protozoal Activity 179 Practical Implications 180 STIMULATIVE EFFECTS OF FATTY ACIDS ON MICROBIOTA 181 Gene Expression Regulation in Escherichia Coli by Fatty Acids 181 Stimulative Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Lactic Acid Bacteria 182 Implications of Fatty Acids in Rumen Methanogenesis 184 Stimulation Effect of Corn Oil on Microorganisms’ Stabilization 184 Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Enthomopatogenic Fungi 184 Effects of Fatty Acids on Exo-Biopolymer Production 185 Enzymes Biosynthesis in Medium with Coconut Oil by Solid State Fermentation 185 Oxygenated Fatty Acids Synthesis by Microorganisms 186 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES 186 REFERENCES 187 Chapter 9 NUTRITIONAL AND HEALTH BENEFITS OF COCONUT OIL 197 ABSTRACT 197 INTRODUCTION 197 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 198 HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS 199 Increases Digestion and Nutrient Absorption 199 Reduces Cardiovascular Diseases 200 Neurological Effects 200 Improves Immune Support 201 Enhances Antimicrobial Activity 201 Anti-Cancer Effects 201 Good for Diabetics 202 Combat Tooth Decay 202 Reduces Body Weight 202 Hair Care 203 Strengthens Bones 203 SKIN CARE 203 Prevents Acne or Pimples 203 Eczema 204 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES 204 REFERENCES 204 Chapter 10 BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF FATTY ACIDS FROM COCONUT OIL ON HUMAN METABOLISM AND HEALTH 207 ABSTRACT 207 INTRODUCTION 208 EFFECTS OF MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS ON HUMAN METABOLISM AND OBESITY 209 INSULINOTROPIC EFFECT OF MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS 212 MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND THE SATIETY EFFECT 213 THE EFFECTS OF THE MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS ON INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION 215 EFFECTS OF MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 216 EFFECTS OF THE MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 216 THE EFFECTS OF MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDE ON TUMOR CELLS 218 EFFECTS OF MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDE ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ITS DISORDERS 221 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES 223 REFERENCES 223 INDEX 229 Table of Contents: Preface Chapter 1 Chemical Composition of Corn Oil (Constantin Apetrei and Irina Mirela Apetrei, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Galati, Romania, and others) Chapter 2 Biosynthesis, Analysis and Antioxidant Properties of Tocols and Carotenoids from Corn Oil (Vasile Robert Gradinaru and Luiza Madalina Gradinaru, Department of Chemistry, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Iasi, Romania, and others) Chapter 3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Corn Germ Oil (Sara Rebolleda, María Teresa Sanz, Sagrario Beltrán, Rodrigo Melgosa and Angela García Solaesa, Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, Chemical Engienering Section. University of Burgos, Spain) Chapter 4 Uses and Applications of the Corn Oil (Hakan Temur, Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Chemical Engineering, Turkey) Chapter 5 Corn Oil and Aging: Insights From Basic Research (Hongwei Si, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA) Chapter 6 Production Methods and Coconut Oil Quality (Kapila N. Seneviratne and Nimanthi Jayathilaka, Department of Chemistry, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka) Chapter 7 Quality Analyses and Authentication of Coconut Oil (Irina Mirela Apetrei and Constantin Apetrei, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Galati, Romania, and others) Chapter 8 The Effects of Fatty Acid Derivates from Corn and Coconut Oils on Microbial Physiology (Leontina Gurgu, Georgiana Horincar, Gabriela Bahrim, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, ”Dunãrea de Jos” University of Galati, Domneasca Street, Galati, Romania) Chapter 9 Nutritional And Health Benefits of Coconut Oil (Ratheesh Mohanan, Asha Sukumarapillai, Sandya Sukumaran, Department of Biochemistry, St.Thomas College, Pala, Kottayam, Kerala, India, and others) Chapter 10 Beneficial Effects of Fatty Acids from Coconut Oil on Human Metabolism and Health (Leontina Gurgu, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Domneasca Street, Galati, Romania) Index