Copyright Law in an Age of Limitations and Exceptions (Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law)

Copyright Law in an Age of Limitations and Exceptions brings together leading copyright scholars and the field's foremost authorities to consider the critical role of copyright law in shaping the complex social, economic, and political interaction critical for cultural productivity and human flourishing. The book addresses defining issues facing copyright law today, including justifications for copyright law's limitations and exceptions (L&Es), the role of authors in copyright, users' rights, fair use politics and reform, the three-step test in European copyright law, the idea/expression principle with respect to functional works, limits on the use of L&Es in scientific innovation, and L&Es as a tool for economic development in international copyright law. The book also presents case studies on the historical development of the concept of 'neighboring rights' and on Harvard Law School's pioneering model of global copyright education, made possible by the exercise of L&Es across national borders. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Title page......Page 5 Copyright information......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Table of contents......Page 9 Author Biographies......Page 11 Preface......Page 13 Introduction......Page 17 1.1. Introduction......Page 28 1.2.1. Copyright Law Had No Statutory Exceptions When Rights Were Narrow......Page 32 1.2.2. The Copyright Act of 1909 Created the First Statutory Exceptions......Page 34 1.2.3. Congress Created L&Es as It Expanded Rights in the 1976 Act......Page 35 1.3. Justifications for Copyright L&Es......Page 40 1.3.1. Some L&Es Promote Ongoing Authorship......Page 41 1.3.2. Some L&Es Create a Buffer for User Autonomy and Personal Property Interests......Page 43 Some L&Es Foster the Public Interest in Access to Information......Page 45 Some L&Es Serve Social Policy Goals......Page 48 Some L&Es Enable Public Institutions to Function......Page 50 Some L&Es Foster Commerce, Competition, and Ongoing Innovation......Page 51 Some L&Es Exempt Economically Insignificant Incidental Uses......Page 53 Some L&Es Aim to Cure or Mitigate Market Failures......Page 54 1.3.5. Some L&Es Are Adopted for Politically Expedient Reasons......Page 58 1.3.6. Some L&Es Provide Flexibility in Copyright Laws......Page 60 1.4.1. Open-ended L&Es Enable the Law to Adapt to New Circumstances......Page 61 1.4.2. Open-ended L&Es Can Produce Reasonably Predictable Outcomes......Page 65 1.4.3. Flexible L&Es Can Be Compatible With International Treaty Obligations......Page 66 1.5. Conclusion......Page 68 2 The Role of the Author in Copyright......Page 76 2.1. Authors and Copyright Ownership......Page 79 2.2. What If Authors Retained Their Copyrights?......Page 82 2.3.1. Authors and Publishers......Page 85 2.3.2. Authors as Publishers......Page 88 2.4. Conclusion......Page 100 3.1. My Purpose......Page 101 3.2. Why We Don’t Inherently Want Strong or Weak Copyright Laws......Page 103 3.3. The Damage Done by Our Current Copyright Laws......Page 104 3.4. What the Old English Common Law Judges Taught Me......Page 105 3.5. What Being a Musician Has Taught Me......Page 107 3.6. Some Examples of Copyright Sloganeering......Page 109 3.7. My Experience with Copyright Law......Page 111 3.8. What BIKE Riding Has Taught Me......Page 112 3.9. Why Can’t Copyright Laws Be Like Riding a Bike?......Page 115 3.10. The Attack on Safe Harbors and Fair Use......Page 118 3.11. Why We Need Flexible Copyright Laws......Page 121 4 Fetishizing Copies......Page 123 5 Copyright in a Digital Ecosystem......Page 148 5.1. Introduction......Page 149 5.2. Users in the Digital Ecosystem: Opportunities and Threats......Page 151 5.3.1. Moving beyond Limitations and Exceptions......Page 156 5.3.2. The Virtues of Using Creative Works......Page 160 Enhancing Human Capital......Page 161 Generating Meaning......Page 162 5.3.3. A Rationale for User Rights......Page 163 5.3.4. What Rights Do Users Need?......Page 164 Authoring......Page 165 Learning......Page 167 Participating......Page 169 5.4.1. The Rise of the Rights Discourse......Page 171 5.4.2. The Formalistic Analysis of Rights......Page 174 5.4.3. Is Fair Use an Affirmative Defense?......Page 175 5.4.4. Objections to the User-Rights Approach......Page 176 5.5.1. Legal Interpretation......Page 179 5.5.2. Legal Oversight of Private Ordering......Page 182 5.6. Conclusion......Page 183 6 The Canadian Copyright Story......Page 185 6.1.1. 2002 – Signs of Change?......Page 190 6.1.2. 2003–2005 – The Recognition of Users’ Rights......Page 193 6.1.3. 2006–2008 – The Fair Copyright Fight......Page 199 6.1.4. 2009 – Hitting the Reset Button......Page 206 6.1.5. 2010–2012 – Copyright Closure: A Bill Passes and the Court Releases a Pentalogy of Cases......Page 208 6.2. What the Canadian Experience Teaches......Page 216 6.2.3. The Role of Academics in the Policy Process......Page 217 6.2.4. Users’ Rights Have a Strong Policy Foundation......Page 218 6.2.6. Trade and Copyright......Page 219 6.2.7. People Matter......Page 220 7 (When) Is Copyright Reform Possible?......Page 222 7.1. The Structure of Copyright Policy Making......Page 223 7.2. The Review......Page 228 7.2.1. Evidence-Based Policy Making......Page 229 7.2.2. Limitations and Exceptions......Page 231 7.2.3. Orphan Works......Page 238 7.2.4. Patent Thickets......Page 242 7.2.5. Miscellaneous Recommendations......Page 243 7.3. Lessons for Reform?......Page 244 7.4. Conclusion......Page 248 8.1. Introduction......Page 250 8.2. American Fair Use Doctrine and the Three-Step Test......Page 252 8.2.1. Rules, Standards, and Fair Use......Page 253 8.2.2. The Three-Step Test and Its Angst......Page 256 8.2.3. Fair Use, Meet Three Step; Three Step, Meet Fair Use......Page 258 8.2.4. A Thought Experiment on the Three-Step Test......Page 264 8.2.5. Clustering Fair Use; Fair Use as a Mechanism for Establishing Exceptions......Page 266 8.3. What Happens When Fair Use Goes Abroad......Page 272 8.3.1. The Spread of Fair Use to Other Jurisdictions......Page 273 8.3.2. Fair Use and the Global Activist Community......Page 278 8.3.3. The Posture of the U.S. Government on the Fair Use Doctrine in International Negotiations......Page 279 Granularity......Page 281 Fair Use, Democracy, and Innovation......Page 283 Preparing the Garden......Page 287 8.4. Conclusion......Page 288 9.1. Introduction......Page 291 9.2. Copyright, Droit d’auteur and Open Norms......Page 294 9.3. In Search of Flexibilities Inside the EU Acquis......Page 299 9.4. Flexibilities in Freedom of Expression......Page 303 9.5. Conclusion......Page 306 10.1. Some Historical Milestones......Page 308 10.2. Obsolescent or Merely Inadequate Legal Tools?......Page 313 10.3. Heading for the Exit?......Page 320 10.4. Some Premises for Reform......Page 323 11.1. The Course Structure......Page 331 11.2. Pedagogic Principles......Page 336 11.3. Assessment......Page 340 11.4. Resources......Page 351 12 Rights on the Border: The Berne Convention and Neighbouring Rights......Page 357 12.1. Introduction......Page 358 12.2. Gaining Protection under Berne – The Need for Authorship of a Literary or Artistic Work......Page 360 12.3. Photographic Works – An Early Claimant for Protection......Page 361 12.4. Other Early Claimants for Protection......Page 364 12.5. The Case of Sound Recordings......Page 365 12.5.1. Performers......Page 367 12.5.2. Broadcasts......Page 371 12.6. Broader Concerns about Neighbouring Rights......Page 372 12.7. The Ostertag Report and Draft Proposals......Page 376 12.8. The Work of the Samedan Committee......Page 380 12.9. The Trajectory of Neighbouring Rights Protection after Samedan......Page 386 12.10. Lessons from Samedan?......Page 387 12.11. Conclusion......Page 390 13 How Oracle Erred......Page 391 13.1. Introduction......Page 392 13.2. Oracle v. Google......Page 396 13.2.1. An Irony......Page 400 13.3.1. Introducing Baker v. Selden......Page 402 13.3.2. Significance......Page 404 13.3.3. Baker and “merger”......Page 405 Patent Law Is a Jealous Monarch......Page 407 13.4. Defining “Explanation” and “Use”......Page 411 13.4.1. Tentative Conclusion: Interoperability and Baker......Page 418 13.4.2. Juridical Integrity and Lack of “Fit”......Page 419 13.4.4. Directness......Page 424 13.5.1. “Rights Over Use” as a Conceptual and Economic Fulcrum......Page 425 1954 Dicta......Page 428 Baker and Caselaw Progeny......Page 430 Congressional Implementation......Page 431 13.6. Subsection 113(b) Applied Directly to Computer Programs......Page 433 13.6.1. Language......Page 434 13.6.2. Is Baker only for accounting forms and other PGS works?......Page 437 13.6.3. Mixed Uses......Page 438 13.6.4. Copying Computer Object Code......Page 441 13.7. Conclusion......Page 442 14.1 Introduction......Page 445 14.2.1 The Rhetoric of Development and the Institutional Context for International Copyright......Page 449 14.2.2 Constructing the National Public Interest in the Design of International Copyright Law......Page 456 14.3.1 The Limits of Copyright Harmonization......Page 463 14.3.2 Existing Limitations and Exceptions in the Berne/TRIPS Framework......Page 467 (i) Uncompensated Limitations and Exceptions in the Berne/TRIPS Framework......Page 468 (ii) Compensated Limitations and Exceptions in the Berne/TRIPS Framework......Page 470 (iii) Implied Limitations and Exceptions in the Berne/TRIPS Framework......Page 471 (iv) Limitations and Exceptions in the Digital Copyright Regime......Page 472 14.4.1 The Case for Development-Inducing Limitations and Exceptions......Page 477 14.4.2 Past Efforts to Address Development Interests in the Berne Convention......Page 479 14.4.3 Why Does Copyright’s Development Role Require an International Solution?......Page 481 (i) Coordination Problems......Page 482 (ii) Institutions......Page 486 14.5.1 Distinguishing the Public Interest, Creativity and Development......Page 488 14.5.2 Mismatched Berne/TRIPS Limitations and Exceptions......Page 495 14.6.1 Steps toward a Redesign of International Copyright Law......Page 498 (i) Strict Enforcement of Copyright’s Boundaries in a Local Context......Page 499 (ii) Harmonizing the Education Exception......Page 500 (iii) Maximizing Use of Authorial Works for Human Capital Formation......Page 503 14.6.2 Mandatory International Limitations and Exceptions......Page 505 14.7 Conclusion......Page 510 Index......Page 513 This book brings together leading copyright scholars and the field's foremost authorities to consider the critical role of copyright law in shaping the complex social, economic, and political interaction critical for cultural productivity and human flourishing. The book addresses defining issues facing copyright law today, including justifications for copyright law's limitations and exceptions (L & Es), the role of authors in copyright, users' rights, fair use politics and reform, the three-step test in European copyright law, the idea/expression principle with respect to functional works, limits on the use of L & Es in scientific innovation, and L & Es as a tool for economic development in international copyright law. The book also presents case studies on the historical development of the concept of 'neighboring rights' and on Harvard Law School's pioneering model of global copyright education, made possible by the exercise of L & Es across national borders. Justifications for copyright limitations and exceptions / Pamela Samuelson -- The role of the author in copyright / Jane C. Ginsburg -- A few observations about the state of copyright law / William F. Patry -- Fetishizing copies / Jessica Litman -- Copyright in a digital ecosystem : a user rights approach / Niva Elkin-Koren -- The Canadian copyright story : how Canada improbably became the world leader on users' rights in copyright law / Michael Geist -- (When) Is copyright reform possible? / James Boyle -- Fair use and its politics, at home and abroad / Justin Hughes -- Flexible copyright : can the EU author's right accommodate fair use? / P. Bernt Hugenholtz -- The limits of limitations and exceptions in copyright law / Jerome H. Reichman -- Lessons from CopyrightX / William W. Fisher III -- Rights on the border : the Berne Convention and neighbouring rights / Sam Ricketson -- How Oracle erred : the use/explanation distinction and the future of computer copyright / Wendy J. Gordon -- Reframing international copyright limitations and exceptions as development policy / Ruth L. Okediji. edited by Ruth L. Okediji. Includes bibliographical references and index. Justifications for copyright limitations and exceptions / Pamela Samuelson -- The authors place in the future of copyright / Jane C. Ginsburg -- Fetishizing copies / Jessica Litman -- Copyright in a digital ecosystem: a user-rights approach / Niva Elkin-Koren -- The Canadian copyright story: how Canada improbably became the world leader on users' rights in copyright law / Michael Geist -- Is copyright reform possible? -- lessons from the Hargreaves review / James Boyle -- Fair use and its politics at home and abroad / Justin Hughes -- Flexible copyright: can EU authors right accommodate fair use? / P. Bernt Hugenholtz -- Lessons from copyright / William W. FisherIII -- Rights on the border: the Berne convention and neighboring rights / Sam Ricketson -- How Oracle erred: computer programs, functional use, and the patent-copyright divide / Wendy J. Gordon -- The limits of limitations and exceptions in copyright law / Jerome H. Reichman -- International copyright limitations and exceptions as development policy / Ruth L. Okediji -- A few observations on the state of copyright law / William F. Patry La page précédant la page de titre indique le résumé suivant : "This book brings together leading copyright scholars and the field's foremost authorities to consider the critical role of copyright law in shaping the complex social, economic, and political interaction critical for cultural productivity and human flourishing. The book addresses defining issues facing copyright law today, including justifications for copyright law's limitations and exceptions (L & Es), the role of authors in copyright, users' rights, fair use politics and reform, the three-step test in European copyright law, the idea/expression principle with respect to functional works, limits on the use of L & Es in scientific innovation, and L & Es as a tool for economic development in international copyright law. The book also presents case studies on the historical development of the concept of 'neighboring rights' and on Harvard Law School's pioneering model of global copyright education, made possible by the exercise of L & Es across national borders"